UHV-compatible processing of conducting polymers: Polythiophene

Electron stimulated desorption of anionic fragments from films of pure and electron-irradiated thiophene

“…19 Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy ͑UPS͒ measurements performed by Raza et al 20 following x-ray and electron irradiation of condensed thiophene molecules provide evidence for the formation of an extended bonding band consistent with electron delocalization along the conjugated aromatic chain that is expected in polythiophene and larger oligothiophenes. 16 Similar effects, even for substituted thiophene such as 3-hexylthiophene, are observed by Hernandez et al 22 It has also recently been reported by Huisman et al 23 that ultraviolet light may also dimerize bithiophene and terthiophene in solution and when deposited on either quartz or TiO 2 . 21 The formation of a bonding band could also be interpreted that polymerization is predominantly via ␣ − ␣' linkages, since ␤ linkages would not show the development of the bonding band.…”

“…[16][17][18][19][20][21]26 For comparison with such work, measurements were performed on thiophene films after exposing them to electrons of energies Ͼ50 eV, for extended periods. [16][17][18][19][20][21]26 For comparison with such work, measurements were performed on thiophene films after exposing them to electrons of energies Ͼ50 eV, for extended periods.…”

“…Salaneck et al 16 were the first to suggest that Mg K␣ x rays, commonly used for x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy ͑XPS͒, could induce such polymerization/oligomerization in films of thiophene monomers condensed on a metal surface. Salaneck et al 16 were the first to suggest that Mg K␣ x rays, commonly used for x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy ͑XPS͒, could induce such polymerization/oligomerization in films of thiophene monomers condensed on a metal surface.…”

Photochemical conversion of 2,5-diiodothiophene condensed on substrates to oligothiophene and polythiophene thin films and micro-patterns

“…Solvent-less direct deposition approaches have also been extensively investigated. These methods include the plasma polymerization [11 -13], laser-induced chemical vapor deposition [14 -16] as well as X-rays [17,18], electrons [19 -22], and ion-induced synthesis [23] in ultra-high vacuum (UHV) conditions. However, these approaches, in general, do not have enough reaction specificity to generate reactive species without fragmentation of the monomer structure, which results in defect incorporation in the final product.…”

Growth and characterization of vapor-deposited polyaniline on Cu(110)

“…For example, the ability to incorporate electrically conducting polymers into integrated circuits would be enhanced if a solventless fabrication process was available. 3 Several recent studies have demonstrated that polyaniline films can be fabricated by such a ''dry'' process, where bulk emeraldine ͑see Fig. 1 ͒ is deposited onto a substrate from the vapor phase.…”