Transparent conductive ITO thin films through the sol-gel process using metal salts

Kim, Seon-Soon; Choi, Se‐Young; Park, Chan-Gyung; Jin, H.W.

doi:10.1016/s0040-6090(98)01748-9

Cited by 178 publications

(98 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…The sol was prepared as described in Ref. 20 Tin (IV) acetate and indium (III) nitrate trihydrate (Alfa Aesar) were separately dissolved in ethylene glycol (Sigma Aldrich), the former at 80…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrodeposition Kinetics in Li-S Batteries: Effects of Low Electrolyte/Sulfur Ratios and Deposition Surface Composition

Fan

Chiang

2017

J. Electrochem. Soc.

166

127

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Lithium-sulfur batteries obtain most of their capacity from the electrodeposition of Li 2 S. This is often a slow process, limiting the rate capability of Li-S batteries. In this work, the kinetics of Li 2 S deposition from polysulfide solutions of 1-7 M S concentration onto carbon and two conductive oxides (indium tin oxide, ITO; and aluminum-doped zinc oxide, AZO) were characterized. Higher polysulfide concentrations were found to result in significantly slower electrodeposition, with island nucleation and growth rates up to 75% less than at low concentrations. Since Li-S batteries with low electrolyte/sulfur (E/S) ratios necessarily reach higher polysulfide concentrations during use, the present results explain why high polarization and low rate capability are observed under such conditions. Given that low E/S ratios are critical to reach high energy density, means to improve electrodeposition kinetics at high polysulfide concentrations are necessary. Towards this goal, coatings of ITO and AZO on carbon fiber current collectors were found to improve island growth rates at 5 M by up to ∼60%. Of the two oxides, AZO was found to be superior in reducing the electrodeposition overpotential. Its benefits were demonstrated for carbon fiber current collectors coated with AZO and for conductive suspensions incorporating carbon black and nanoparticle AZO. Lithium-sulfur batteries are a promising technology for low-cost, high-density electrochemical energy storage beyond lithium-ion because of sulfur's high abundance, low cost, and high specific capacity (1670 mAh/g). The latter can enable, with a lithium metal negative electrode, a theoretical (active materials only) energy density of ∼2199 Wh/L or 2567 Wh/kg, with projected pack-level values of around 200-450 Wh/kg, which is significantly higher than that of current Li-ion batteries.1-5 Energy density is highly dependent on the electrolyte content of the battery, however. In many published studies, the electrolyte/sulfur (E/S) ratio can be 10 mL/g or more.6-8 At such a ratio, the large excess of electrolyte results in pack-level specific energy and energy density of less than ∼100 Wh/kg and 100 Wh/L, lower than that of present lithium-ion batteries, negating the theoretical advantage of the lithium-sulfur chemistry. By comparison, reducing the E/S ratio to 1 mL/g would enable up to ∼400 Wh/kg and 400 Wh/L.2 Excess electrolyte also contributes additional cost to the battery. Unfortunately, several studies have also found that low electrolyte/sulfur ratio is correlated with poor rate capability and cycle life. 6,9 Many of the challenges facing Li-S batteries arise from a charge/discharge mechanism that is fundamentally different from the intercalation reactions of conventional lithium-ion batteries. Instead, upon lithiation, sulfur first dissolves to form soluble lithium polysulfides Li 2 S x , 4 ≤ x ≤ 8, which are then further reduced to insoluble Li 2 S, which precipitates where the electronic charge transfer necessary for reduction can occur, typically on an electron...

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrodeposition Kinetics in Li-S Batteries: Effects of Low Electrolyte/Sulfur Ratios and Deposition Surface Composition

Fan

Chiang

2017

J. Electrochem. Soc.

166

127

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“…By using Equation (6), the values of h could be obtained as h = V a I/ [(T s,max − T a )A]. Then, using the results plotted in Figures 2a-c, the values of h found at T = 30, 60, and 96% are similar, as in Figure 3a, but the lowest T s,max value corresponds to the largest h value.…”

Section: Heating Performancementioning

confidence: 69%

“…[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11] They are also used in home appliances such as transparent toasters, water heaters, 12 and portable home air heaters. To meet the requirements of high transparency and high electrical conductivity, nanomaterials including graphene, 13,14 carbon nanotubes (CNTs), 15,16 and conducting polymers 17 have been used in such heaters.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Highly flexible, stretchable, patternable, transparent copper fiber heater on a complex 3D surface

Jo¹,

An²,

Lee³

et al. 2017

NPG Asia Mater

122

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A highly transparent, flexible, stretchable and patternable copper fiber heater was successfully fabricated for potential use in smart windows and other applications. The thickness of the electrospun polymer nanofibers was controlled during subsequent copper plating by adjusting the electroplating time, with minimal sacrifice in transparency. Self-fused junctions, formed via electroplating, significantly reduced the contact resistance between the intersecting copper-plated fibers. The heater temperature remained constant up to 300% sheet stretching. De-icing tests confirmed the potential applicability of such heaters in smart windows or vehicle defrosters. The copper-plated fibers may be transferred onto any surface with a complex 3D structure, as demonstrated by fabricating a heat-radiating Venus statue covered with the copper-plated fibers. The highest temperature of 328°C was achieved by using a transparent fibrous film having 90% transparency and 0.058 Ω sq − 1 sheet resistance.

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“…Thus the annealing process could help reduce defect density and improve transmittance. [17][18][19] It is a general rule that the absorption coefficient, , in relation to the photon energy, h, is given by…”

Section: Electrical and Structural Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Annealing Temperature on the Properties of Strontium Copper Oxide Prepared by Radio Frequency Reactive Magnetron Sputtering Method

2008

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Electrical, structural and optical properties of annealed transparent strontium copper oxide (SCO) films were studied in this paper. These SCO films were first deposited by reactive radio frequency magnetron sputtering technique on glass substrates at room temperature with ultra highly pure oxygen and a 100 W sputtering power, and then annealed at different temperatures ranging from 373 to 723 K in an atmosphere of oxygen controlled at 101 Pa. Results showed that the resistivity increased first as the annealing temperature raised from 373 to 473 K, and then decreased when annealed at 623 K. Carrier density of an annealed film increased from 7:09 Â 10 20 cm À3 to 1:21 Â 10 21 cm À3 as the annealing temperature increased. Results also showed that the resistivity of a SCO film was highly correlated to the carrier mobility. The highest carrier mobility observed by annealing a SCO film at 623 K was 4:0 Â 10 À5 m 2 V À1 S À1 . The optical transmittance of an annealed SCO film in the visible range at 550 nm fell between 52.6% and 58.2%. The Hall coefficient measured at room temperature indicated the nature of the annealed films was p-type.

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Transparent conductive ITO thin films through the sol-gel process using metal salts

Cited by 178 publications

References 8 publications

Electrodeposition Kinetics in Li-S Batteries: Effects of Low Electrolyte/Sulfur Ratios and Deposition Surface Composition

Electrodeposition Kinetics in Li-S Batteries: Effects of Low Electrolyte/Sulfur Ratios and Deposition Surface Composition

Highly flexible, stretchable, patternable, transparent copper fiber heater on a complex 3D surface

Effects of Annealing Temperature on the Properties of Strontium Copper Oxide Prepared by Radio Frequency Reactive Magnetron Sputtering Method

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