“…These nodes can be linked together to provide an estimate of overall efficiency for each DMU. Given its methodological advantages, NDEA has been extensively used in studies covering a wide range of industries, for example: Yu (2010) and Adler et al (2013) on airports; Fukuyama and Weber (2010), Akther et al (2013), Matthews (2013), Wang et al (2014), Avkiran (2015), Liu et al (2015) and Fukuyama and Matousek (2017) on banking; Huang et al (2014) on hotels; Kao (2014) and Tone and Tsutsui (2014) on electric utilities; Simon et al (2011) on university libraries; Lu (2010) andLi et al (2012) on research anddevelopment;Johnes (2013, Avilés-Sacoto, Güemes, et al (2015), Despotis et al (2015), Lee and Worthington (2016); Tran and Villano (2018);Yang et al (2018), Esmaeilzadeh andMatin (2019), andDing et al (2020) on HE.…”