“…For howler monkeys, the dispersal of both males and females has been observed in Alouatta palliatta (Glander 1992;Jones 1980Jones , 1999Mandujano et al 2004, Clarke andGlander, 2008), Alouatta seniculus (Rudran, 1979;Crockett, 1984;Crockett and Pope, 1993;Agoramoorthy and Rudran, 1993;Palacios, 2000;Pope 2000), Alouatta caraya (Rumiz, 1990;Calegaro-Marques and Bicca-Marques, 1996;Giudice, 1997), and Alouatta pigra (Brockett et al, 2000). For Alouatta guariba clamitans some cases cited in the ecological studies report the dispersal of howlers, mostly adult and sub-adults males (Mendes, 1989;Katz and Otta, 1991;Strier et al, 2001;Jardim, 2005;Miranda et al 2006;Podgaiski and Jardim, 2009).…”