“…Since the first contributions by which McNair (1958) and Hollander (1960) developed the Wheel of Retailing theory of retail change, many other reviews of such theory (Mårtenson, 1981;Brown, 1988;Levy, Weitz, 2001;McGoldrick, 2002) and other theories have been developed in order to describe and explain retail change; e.g., Retail Accordion (Hollander, 1966); General-Specific-General Cycle (Gist, 1968), Retail Life Cycle (Davidson et al, 1976), Dialectical Perspective (Gist, 1968); theories based on biological metaphors (Dreesmann, 1968); theories based on open systems perspective (Markin, Duncan, 1981;Roth, Klein, 1993) and the concept of the Big Middle (Levy et al, 2005).…”