The observable and the inferable conscious in current Soviet psychophysiology: Interoceptive conditioning, semantic conditioning, and the orienting reflex.

Abstract

Of the approximately 5,000 reports of experiments on classical conditioning and closely related phenomena that have come out of Russian laboratories since the beginning of the century, approximately 1,500 of which have appeared since 1950, roughly 300-almost all of the since-1950 group-stand out with a particular salience. They stand out, first, because, with only very few exceptions, they are not being duplicated outside the Soviet Union and '.fdeed are hardly known outside it. But more importantly, they stand out because of their own intrinsic worth, in offering highly significant methods and data toward the solution of one of the most vexing problems of contemporary research and thought: the problem of unconscious-conscious interactions and influences in all their applied and systematic ramifications. Somewhat summarily, I would say that these 300 recent Russian experiments contribute greatly toward making the Unconscious observable instead of in-

Learned Fear of Gastrointestinal Sensations in Healthy Adults

“…When either the CS or US, or both, are perceived as informative about the internal state of the body, i.e. interoceptive, this is referred to as interoceptive conditioning 9 . Homoreflexive interoceptive fear conditioning is an interesting candidate mechanism in the development and maintenance of gastrointestinal symptom-specific fear, but to the best of our knowledge, this has not been directly studied [10][11][12] .…”

A Psicologia como o estudo de interações

“…Há progressos na área, no entanto (ver Lubinski & Thompson, 1987;Razran, 1961). É possível afi rmar-se que alterações internas do organismo participam das interações organismo-ambiente tanto como estímulos que controlam respostas que os antecedem ou os seguem, quanto como respostas controladas pelos estímulos componentes da interação, como veremos mais adiante.…”

Paniekmanagement en exposure in vivo bij paniekstoornis met agorafobie

“…Foutieve attributieprocessen en conditionering kunnen vervolgens leiden tot verkeerde associaties en (dus) tot klachten. Enkelvoudige fobici zouden hun paniekaanvallen associë-ren met externe stimuli (de 'fobische objecten'), terwijl paniekpatienten hun ervaringen, via interoceptieve conditionering (Razran, 1961), in verband brengen met lichamelijke cues. Enkelvoudige fobiepatienten zouden de door hen gevreesde externe stimuli relatief effectief kunnen vermijden.…”

“…Men kan ook proberen het hyperventilatie model in te passen in een Pavloviaans conditioneringsmodel. Via interoceptieve conditionering (Razran, 1961) zouden door hyperventilatie veroorzaakte lichamelijke sensaties als CS'en geassocieerd zijn geraakt met een volledige hyperventilatie-aanval (van den Hout, 1988).…”

“…Binnen het experimentele conditioneringsonderzoek is al lang het principe van de interoceptieve conditionering bekend. Daarbij worden slechts interoceptief waar te nemen lichamelijke reacties tot een CS gemaakt voor een angstreactie (Razran, 1961). Men meent dat bij paniek sprake is van een vorm van interoceptieve conditionering.…”