Frequency and magnitude of reinforcement were varied in concurrent variable-interval variable-interval schedules of reinforcement. The relative response rate to the two stimuli did not support the notion that choice approximately matches relative total access to food (the product of frequency and magnitude of reinforcement in one schedule divided by the sum of products of frequency and magnitude in both schedules). Relative response rates matched relative reinforcement value when that measure was adjusted to give more emphasis to reinforcement frequency than to reinforcement duration.
This article represents an attempt to reach consensus on terms frequently used by its authors, who share an interest in extending a behaviorist worldview to cultural phenomena. Definitions of metacontingency, macrobehavior, macrocontingency, culturo-behavioral lineage, and cultural cusp were 1 A meeting ultimately resulting in this paper was held as part of a regional conference of the Brazilian Society of Psychology, partially supported by FAPESP (grant# 2015/00662-9) and CAPES (grant# 23038
Pigeons were trained on a multiple variable-interval 30-sec, variable-interval 90-sec schedule with each component presented alternately for an equal (on the average) duration. This average duration of exposure to each component was varied from 5 to 300 sec. The main concern was with rate of response in the variable-interval 30-sec component relative to rate of response in the variable-interval 90-sec component. In all cases, rate of response was higher in the variable-interval 30 sec component, but the discrepancy in the rate produced by the two schedules tended to be greatest when the duration of component presentation was brief. The mean proportion of responses emitted during the variable-interval 30-sec component (responses in variable-interval 30-sec component divided by total responses) varied from about 0.60 to 0.71, where 0.75 would be expected on the basis of a matching rule, and 0.59 was that obtained by Lander and Irwin (1968). These results are in agreenment with data reported by Shimp and Wheatley (1971) from a similar experiment.Lander and Irwin (1968) suggested that the equation (1) N2 (n2 Pliskoff, 1967;Todorov, 1969. For a given pair of unequal VI schedules, the relative rate associated with the most favorable schedule seems to increase (and so increases the value of a) as the rate of changeovers decreases. When the rate of changeovers is high, the subjects alternate responses on both schedules, and the relative response rate is insensitive to reinforcement distribution between the schedules (a = 0). If the relationships between relative response rate and relative reinforcement rate in concurrent VI VI schedules can be affected by the length of exposure to each schedule between changeovers (interchangeover time), it is possible that that relationship in multiple VI VI schedules also will be a function of the frequency of alternation of the schedules. METHOD SubjectsThree adult, White Carneaux pigeons were maintained at 80% of normal body weight determined during free access to grain. The subjects had previous experience with several reinforcement schedules. ApparatusA standard experimental box for pigeons, with two response keys (Ferster and Skinner, 45 1972, 17, 45-49 NUMBER 1 (JANUARY)
Laws are written to control behavior. Sometimes the control occurs immediately after its approval by Congress and the sanction of the Presidency. Sometimes the actual control is partial: only a part of the country obeys the law, or only a class of citizens, or the enforcement is slow in being established. The analysis of laws as metacontingencies, as sets of interlocked individual contingencies, helps in the study of how, when, and why laws control behavior. Data from individual cases of adolescents in Brasilia who were penalized according to the Statute of Children and Adolescents (Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente -ECA) were analyzed to show how the concept of metacontingency helps to understand flaws in the law and flaws in the application of the law.
Pigeons' key-pecking responses were maintained under concurrently available variableinterval schedules of reinforcement. Responses in the presence of two different key-colors were reinforced on two independent and concurrent variable-interval schedules of food reinforcement, each associated with one of the key colors (red or green). Pecks at a second key (changeover key), always white, would alternate the colors on the main key. In Exp. 1 and 2, electric shock of 50 msec duration followed immediately after changeovers. The proportion of responses in the presence of the color associated with the higher frequency of reinforcements per hour was a direct function of shock intensity contingent on changeovers. When both schedules provided equal number of reinforcements per hour, there was no
RESUMO -O behaviorismo é uma filosofia da ciência preocupada com o tema e métodos da psicologia. Análise do comportamento não é uma área da psicologia, mas uma maneira de estudar o objeto da psicologia. No Brasil, a análise do comportamento começou com a vinda de Fred S. Keller para a Universidade de São Paulo e Universidade de Brasília nos anos 60. O Brasil é hoje o maior centro de análise do comportamento depois dos Estados Unidos e seus pesquisadores publicam nos melhores periódicos nacionais e internacionais. Os brasileiros pioneiros da análise do comportamento são responsáveis pelo reconhecimento da psicologia como profissão, pela fundação dos primeiros laboratórios no país e pela criação do Conselho de Psicologia e da Sociedade Brasileira de Psicologia.Palavras-chave: análise do comportamento; behaviorismo; Fred S. Keller; Carolina M. Bori. Behavior Analysis in BrazilABSTRACT -Behaviorism is the philosophy of a science interested on the subject and method of psychology. Behavior analysis is not a field of psychology; it is a way to study the object of psychology. Behavior analysis in Brazil started when Fred S. Keller came to work at the University of São Paulo and the University of Brasília in the 60s. Brazil has the largest behavior analysis community outside the United States. Brazilian researchers publish in the best national and international journals. The pioneers in behavior analysis were also responsible for the recognition of psychology as a profession, the foundation of the first laboratories in the country, and the foundation of the Brazilian Council of Psychology and the Brazilian Psychological Society. O presente artigo foi organizado em quatro partes. A primeira resume aspectos históricos, teóricos e metodoló-gicos da análise do comportamento a partir de uma visão pessoal retratada em publicações anteriores do primeiro autor (Todorov, 1982(Todorov, , 1990(Todorov, , 1996(Todorov, , 2003(Todorov, , 2006. A segunda parte descreve a introdução da análise do comportamento no Brasil por Fred Keller e brasileiros pioneiros e relata como era a formação básica dos novos pesquisadores brasileiros em psicologia. A terceira parte apresenta o desenvolvimento do ensino de análise do comportamento no Brasil, especialmente na pós-graduação, e a quarta avalia parte da produção dos pesquisadores brasileiros relacionada à análise do comportamento, seu impacto e suas lacunas. Keywords Behaviorismo e Análise do ComportamentoO comportamentalismo, com acentuação no 'ismo', não é o estudo científico do comportamento, mas uma filosofia da ciên-cia preocupada com o tema e métodos da psicologia. (Skinner, 1969(Skinner, /1980 A análise do comportamento não é uma área da psicologia, mas uma maneira de estudar o objeto da psicologia. Este trabalho tenta esclarecer os significados dos termos "behaviorismo", "análise do comportamento" e "psicologia". O termo "behaviorismo" tem sido utilizado de diversas maneiras e de tal modo que se pode afirmar que há muitas variedades de significado para ele. Desde o manifesto de Watson,...
RESUMO -O artigo analisa os problemas existentes em variedades de defi nições de Psicologia e expõe as vantagens, do ponto de vista da Análise do Comportamento, de defi nir-se Psicologia como o estudo de interações organismo-ambiente. As interações organismo-ambiente são tais que podem ser vistas como um continuum em que a passagem da Psicologia para a Biologia ou para as Ciências Sociais é muitas vezes uma questão de convencionar-se limites. A análise experimental do comportamento utiliza-se de contingências e de relações funcionais como instrumentos para o estudo de interações organismo-ambiente.Palavras-chave: defi nição de Psicologia; análise do comportamento; interações; áreas da Psicologia. Psychology as the Study of InteractionsABSTRACT -The problems with the variety of defi nitions of Psychology are analyzed, and the advantages from the point of view of Behavior Analysis, on defi ning Psychology as the study of organism-environment relations. Such interactions can be seen as a continuum where the passage from Psychology to Biology or to Social Sciences is often a matter of convenience. The experimental analysis of behavior uses contingencies and functional relationships as tools for the study of organismenvironment relations.Key words: defi nition of Psychology; behavior analysis; interactions; subdivisions of Psychology. Indiferentes às defi ciências das defi nições mencionadas, há os que se preocupam com uma defi nição que contente a mentalistas e a comportamentalistas. Para estes, a Psicologia seria o estudo do comportamento e da vida mental. Contudo, a reunião em uma mesma frase de dois termos indefi nidos não melhora uma defi nição. Em lugar de colocar um problema de cada vez, e contentar a pelo menos uma das partes, essa defi nição descontenta a um só tempo mentalistas e comportamentalistas.Preferimos, portanto, caracterizar a Psicologia desde um ponto de vista e tentar, depois, mostrar como essa caracterização é compatível com os variados tipos de atividades do psicólogo na atualidade dos anos 1980. Não afi rmamos que seja possível ou desejável uma tradução simples das várias linguagens e teorias correntes; estamos afi rmando que este trabalho é uma tentativa de caracterizar a Psicologia a partir do ponto de vista de uma análise do comportamento e de mostrar como o que se faz na área de Psicologia é compatível com essa caracterização.
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