Of the approximately 5,000 reports of experiments on classical conditioning and closely related phenomena that have come out of Russian laboratories since the beginning of the century, approximately 1,500 of which have appeared since 1950, roughly 300-almost all of the since-1950 group-stand out with a particular salience. They stand out, first, because, with only very few exceptions, they are not being duplicated outside the Soviet Union and '.fdeed are hardly known outside it. But more importantly, they stand out because of their own intrinsic worth, in offering highly significant methods and data toward the solution of one of the most vexing problems of contemporary research and thought: the problem of unconscious-conscious interactions and influences in all their applied and systematic ramifications. Somewhat summarily, I would say that these 300 recent Russian experiments contribute greatly toward making the Unconscious observable instead of in-

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