A Quantitative Study of Meaning by a Conditioned Salivary Technique (Semantic Conditioning)

Razran, Gregory

doi:10.1126/science.90.2326.89-a

Cited by 112 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Early studies of nonperceptual stimulus generalization in humans used semantic stimuli (words) (Branca, 1957;Maltzman, 1977;Razran, 1939). For instance, participants would be conditioned to a word (e.g., PLANT) by pairing the presentation of the word with a US, and then tested on semantically related words (e.g., STEM) or unrelated words (e.g., MUSIC) (Maltzman, Langdon, Pendery, & Wolff, 1977).…”

Section: Semantic Fear Generalizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fear Generalization in Humans: Systematic Review and Implications for Anxiety Disorder Research

et al. 2015

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Fear generalization, in which conditioned fear responses generalize or spread to related stimuli, is a defining feature of anxiety disorders. The behavioral consequences of maladaptive fear generalization are that aversive experiences with one stimulus or event may lead one to regard other cues or situations as potential threats that should be avoided, despite variations in physical form. Theoretical and empirical interest in the generalization of conditioned learning dates to the earliest research on classical conditioning in nonhumans. Recently, there has been renewed focus on fear generalization in humans due in part to its explanatory power in characterizing disorders of fear and anxiety. Here, we review existing behavioral and neuroimaging empirical research on the perceptual and non-perceptual (conceptual and symbolic) generalization of fear and avoidance in healthy humans and patients with anxiety disorders. The clinical implications of this research for understanding the etiology and treatment of anxiety is considered and directions for future research described.

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Section: Semantic Fear Generalizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fear Generalization in Humans: Systematic Review and Implications for Anxiety Disorder Research

et al. 2015

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“…It suffices to indicate that he has shown the transfer value of semantic relationships in adults using a conditioned salivary technique with antonymic, synonymic and homophonic stimuli (13). In other papers, he has shown the transference of single words and phonetographs such as dark-mark, again using adults as subjects (n).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic changes in semantic conditioning.

Bf¹

1946

Journal of Experimental Psychology

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“…This increased reaction potential of the other words constitutes a generalization effect, mediated and/or non-mediated, which should be experimentally demonstrable. As previously suggested (i), several methods might be employed to study this phenomenon, 4 only one of which has been used in the present study. i. Materials.-A list of 10 unrelated words (presentation or P-list) was assembled such that from each word two homophones and one synonym could be derived.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mediated generalization and the interpretation of verbal behavior: II. Experimental study of certain homophone and synonym gradients.

Foley¹,

Cofer²

1943

Journal of Experimental Psychology

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In a previous paper (i), the writers presented a theoretical account of the conditioned response mechanism of mediated generalization, and suggested that many phenomena of verbal behavior might be understood in terms of mediated as well as non-mediated generalization. The present paper reports an investigation designed to determine whether some of the suggested theoretical relationships may be demonstrated experimentally.In the above-mentioned report, it was pointed out that if generalization effects should operate as described, they might occur along any of several different dimensions. Thus, if a given word be reinforced, we should expect generalization effects to appear in its synonyms, homophones (i, Figs. 2 and 3), antonyms, and other classes of words which the subject has learned to associate with it in some way. 2The present investigation is limited to certain synonym and homophone relationships. The study was designed specifically to discover whether generalization may be demonstrated to occur to (1) more than one homophone of a reinforced word, (2) a synonym of the reinforced word, and (3) a synonym of a synonym of the reinforced word which is not, however, itself a synonym (or other semantic relative) of the reinforced word. The first two problems involve generalization to stimuli directly related semantically or homophonically to the reinforced word, whereas the third problem involves semantic generalization to a stimulus only indirectly related to the reinforced wordtwo transformations removed from the original reinforced word, cf. (1).The writers have previously (1) summarized the experiments directly concerned with generalization along synonym and homophone gradients. To our knowledge, all of these experiments have been limited to the demonstration of such generalization along a single synonym or homophone gradient from a given word, the synonym 1 The present paper represents part of a research project being conducted by the writers under a grant-in-aid from the American Association for the Advancement of Science.* For a list of certain of these possible gradients along which mediated generalization might be expected to occur, cf. (i).168

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A Quantitative Study of Meaning by a Conditioned Salivary Technique (Semantic Conditioning)

Cited by 112 publications

References 2 publications

Fear Generalization in Humans: Systematic Review and Implications for Anxiety Disorder Research

Fear Generalization in Humans: Systematic Review and Implications for Anxiety Disorder Research

Genetic changes in semantic conditioning.

Mediated generalization and the interpretation of verbal behavior: II. Experimental study of certain homophone and synonym gradients.

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