The lithium industry: Its recent evolution and future prospects

Ebensperger, Arlene; Maxwell, Philip; Moscoso, Christian

doi:10.1016/j.resourpol.2005.09.001

Cited by 160 publications

(72 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…This likely generated the small but steady price increase seen from 1990 to 1996. In 1997, lithium production changed dramatically by the emergence of brine operations in Salar de Atacama capable of producing cheap lithium carbonate [76]. The Chilean company SQM quickly became market leaders due to very low production costs, while many pegmatite mines were forced to close.…”

Section: Lithium Productionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lithium availability and future production outlooks

2013

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Lithium is a highly interesting metal, in part due to the increasing interest in lithium-ion batteries. Several recent studies have used different methods to estimate whether the lithium production can meet an increasing demand, especially from the transport sector, where lithiumion batteries are the most likely technology for electric cars. The reserve and resource estimates of lithium vary greatly between different studies and the question whether the annual production rates of lithium can meet a growing demand is seldom adequately explained. This study presents a review and compilation of recent estimates of quantities of lithium available for exploitation and discusses the uncertainty and differences between these estimates. Also, mathematical curve fitting models are used to estimate possible future annual production rates. This estimation of possible production rates are compared to a potential increased demand of lithium if the International Energy Agency's Blue Map Scenarios are fulfilled regarding electrification of the car fleet. We find that the availability of lithium could in fact be a problem for fulfilling this scenario if lithium-ion batteries are to be used. This indicates that other battery technologies might have to be implemented for enabling an electrification of road transports. Highlights:• Review of reserves, resources and key properties of 112 lithium deposits • Discussions of widely diverging results from recent lithium supply estimates • Forecasting future lithium production by resource-constrained models • Exploring implications for future deployment of electric cars

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Section: Lithium Productionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lithium availability and future production outlooks

2013

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“…Lithium can be extracted (at greater expense) from spodumene and other pegamatitic minerals such as, lepidolite, petalite, amblygonite, and eucriptite [79]. One promising method, being explored by Simbol Mining, is extracting lithium from geothermal fluids [80].…”

Section: ) One-time Costsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vehicle Electrification: Status and Issues

et al. 2011

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“…The recovery of rubidium and potassium alums from lithium-bearing minerals was studied and it was found that rubidium could be efficiently isolated from the mother liquor after Li 2 CO 3 crystallization and conversion to sulfate solution [6][7][8][9]. The extraction of Rb from lepidolite was studied, in which a optimum process conditions were found [10][11][12][13]. During rubidium production process, modified calcination is the key process.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modified calcination conditions of rare alkali metal Rb-containing muscovite (KAl2[AlSi3O10](OH)2)

Shan

Shu

Feng³

et al. 2013

Rare Met.

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Muscovite mineral was roasted in different conditions. Rubidium leaching rate was a standard to examine the impact of various factors on calcination effect, including the agent types, roasting time, mass ratio, and roasting temperature. The results indicate that the best agent is the combination of sodium chloride and calcium chloride, and its mass ratio of muscovite/NaCl/CaCl 2 is 1.00:0.25:0.25. Calcined at 850°C for 30 min, the rubidium leaching rate is up to 90.12 %. The reaction of muscovite ore with the chlorinating agent CaCl 2 was studied by TG/DSC, and the surface morphology before and after leaching was characterized by SEM. Rubidium chloride products can be obtained using t-BAMBP extraction, hydrochloric acid re-extraction, and purification.

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The lithium industry: Its recent evolution and future prospects

Cited by 160 publications

References 5 publications

Lithium availability and future production outlooks

Lithium availability and future production outlooks

Vehicle Electrification: Status and Issues

Modified calcination conditions of rare alkali metal Rb-containing muscovite (KAl2[AlSi3O10](OH)2)

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