Major mining companies have recently embraced the sustainable development paradigm, in seeking to improve their competitiveness and increase shareholder returns. Successful mine closure is one important element of this process. Improved performance in this area is essential if surrounding communities are to see mining companies as responsible corporate and social partners.In Indonesia, the new approach has coincided with the development of specific mine closure legislation. To facilitate the legislation, a consortium of mining companies joined to form the Industry Mine Closure Steering Committee. This Committee has lobbied the Government, actively negotiating to incorporate sustainable development ideals and practices into the new legislation. The Committee's aim has been to foster continued development of the mining industry, while taking account of variation in environmental, social and community conditions. In describing the process, this article seeks to provide guidance for the development of mine closure legislation in other nations.
Although dominated by the forces of competition over the past 50 years, with relatively easy entry and exit of new producers and plentiful reserves, the phosphate industry and phosphate markets have experienced several interesting episodes during this period. These have been associated with the attempted establishment of a producer cartel during the mid-1970s, the significant but declining presence of state-owned production, the demise of the Soviet Union and the recent minerals boom. While noting the significance of the earlier events, the particular focus of this paper is on the events of the past two decades and likely development in the foreseeable future. The authors utilise the standard supply and demand framework developing their discussion.
"This paper focuses upon interregional income divergence in Australia where a pattern very similar to that seen in the United States is discovered. Australian agricultural regions show downward divergence from the national mean per capita income and capital city regions show upward divergence."
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