Lithium availability and future production outlooks

Vikström, Hanna; Davidsson, Simon; Höök, Mikael

doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2013.04.005

Cited by 638 publications

(364 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…Lithium is a critical energy material and a strategic resource for the twenty-first century. Consequently, the market demands for lithium resources are increasing around the world [20,21].…”

Section: Lithium Resources Situationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phase Equilibria and Phase Separation of the Aqueous Solution System Containing Lithium Ions

Li¹,

Guo²,

Deng³

2017

Desalination

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Brines including seawater, concentrated seawater after desalinization, salt lake, oil/gas water, and well bitter are widely distributed around the world. In order to promote the comprehensive utilization and effective protection of the valuable chemical resources existing in brines such as freshwater, lithium, sodium, potassium, and magnesium salts, the systematic foundation and application foundation research including phase equilibria and thermodynamic properties for the salt-water electrolyte solution are essential, especially for solid lithium salts and their aqueous solution systems.

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Section: Lithium Resources Situationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phase Equilibria and Phase Separation of the Aqueous Solution System Containing Lithium Ions

Li¹,

Guo²,

Deng³

2017

Desalination

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“…The minimum amount of a resource needed to sustain the system simply does not change because of recycling. A more comprehensive discussion on recycling using the case of lithium is available in Vikström et al (2013).…”

Section: Assessing Natural Resource Constraintsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Growth curves and sustained commissioning modelling of renewable energy: Investigating resource constraints for wind energy

et al. 2014

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PostprintThis is the accepted version of a paper published in Energy Policy. This paper has been peer-reviewed but does not include the final publisher proof-corrections or journal pagination.Citation for the original published paper (version of record): AbstractSeveral recent studies have proposed fast transitions to energy systems based on renewable energy technology. Many of them dismiss potential physical constraints and issues with natural resource supply, and do not consider the growth rates of the individual technologies needed or how the energy systems are to be sustained over longer time frames. A case study is presented modelling potential growth rates of the wind energy required to reach installed capacities proposed in other studies, taking into account the expected service life of wind turbines. A sustained commissioning model is proposed as a theoretical foundation for analysing reasonable growth patterns for technologies that can be sustained in the future. The annual installation and related resource requirements to reach proposed wind capacity are quantified and it is concluded that these factors should be considered when assessing the feasibility, and even the sustainability, of fast energy transitions. Even a sustained commissioning scenario would require significant resource flows, for the transition as well as for sustaining the system, indefinitely. Recent studies that claim there are no potential natural resource barriers or other physical constraints to fast transitions to renewable energy appear inadequate in ruling out these concerns.

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“…Lithium, as a strategic metal, is widely applied in lithium-ion batteries and other electrochemical devices due to its fascinating and rechargeable electrochemical properties [1,2]. Moreover, the irreplaceable role of lithium in glass, the ceramic industry, and pharmaceutical applications makes the extraction of lithium an important issue with respect to the rapidly increasing demand for lithium.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of Enhanced Leaching of Lithium from α-Spodumene Using Hydrofluoric and Sulfuric Acid

et al. 2017

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An effective method using hydrofluoric and sulfuric acid was proposed to enhance the leaching of lithium from α-spodumene, without calcination that is subjected to 1000 • C for phase transformation. The thermodynamic feasibility of the reactions was firstly verified. Dissolution conditions were tested to maximize the leaching efficiency of lithium and with efficient utilization of hydrofluoric acid (HF) served as evaluation criteria. The results showed that 96% of lithium could be transferred into lixivium with an ore/HF/H 2 SO 4 ratio of 1:3:2 (g/mL/mL), at 100 • C for 3 h. Due to the fact that HF molecules were the main reaction form, the dissolution behaviors were theoretically represented and investigated by dissolution in HF/H 2 SO 4 . When combined with chemical elements analyses and characterizations, the results of the dissolution behaviors revealed that α-spodumene and albite were preferentially dissolved over quartz. Insoluble fluoroaluminates, such as

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Lithium availability and future production outlooks

Cited by 638 publications

References 53 publications

Phase Equilibria and Phase Separation of the Aqueous Solution System Containing Lithium Ions

Phase Equilibria and Phase Separation of the Aqueous Solution System Containing Lithium Ions

Growth curves and sustained commissioning modelling of renewable energy: Investigating resource constraints for wind energy

Investigation of Enhanced Leaching of Lithium from α-Spodumene Using Hydrofluoric and Sulfuric Acid

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