Studies in the nature of character, Vol. 3: Studies in the organization of character.

Hartshorne, Hugh; May, Mark A.; Shuttleworth, Frank K.

doi:10.1037/13357-000

Cited by 191 publications

(98 citation statements)

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“…Our findings on only moderate cross-situational consistency yet temporally reliable individual situation-behaviour profiles show that the person-situation controversy, which has preoccupied human psychologists for decades (Fleeson, 2004;Funder, 2006;Hartshorne & May, 1928;Mischel, 1968Mischel, , 1977Mischel et al, 2002), covers issues relevant to other species as well. Stable patterns of individual-situation interaction refer to fundamental, and possibly universal, aspects of individual behaviour and development.…”

Section: A New Paradigm For Research On Individual Differencesmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Some individuals were more stable than others in their behavioural patterns both within particular situations and in their overall tendencies mirroring previous findings obtained in humans (Caspi & Roberts, 1999;Mischel et al, 2002) and great apes . Thus, individual differences at the level of within-individual stability are present also in capuchins, which are phylogenetically less closely related to humans than are great apes.Our findings on only moderate cross-situational consistency yet temporally reliable individual situation-behaviour profiles show that the person-situation controversy, which has preoccupied human psychologists for decades (Fleeson, 2004;Funder, 2006;Hartshorne & May, 1928;Mischel, 1968Mischel, , 1977Mischel et al, 2002), covers issues relevant to other species as well. Stable patterns of individual-situation interaction refer to fundamental, and possibly universal, aspects of individual behaviour and development.…”

mentioning

confidence: 96%

“…It is well established in psychology that cross-situational consistency is often only moderate (Hartshorne & May, 1928;Mischel, 1968Mischel, , 1977. Interestingly, cross-situational consistency was also only moderate in nonhuman primate species, such as rhesus macaques (Stevenson-Hinde, Stillwell-Barnes, & Zunz, 1980) and great apes (Uher, Asendorpf, & Call, 2008), and rarely exceeded the limit of r = .30 that Mischel (1968) identified for humans.…”

Section: Contextualised Concepts Of Individual Behaviourmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Contextualised behavioural measurements of personality differences obtained in behavioural tests and social observations in adult capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella)

Uher

Addessi

Visalberghi

2013

Journal of Research in Personality

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HighlightsPersonality differences studied with a new philosophy-of-science paradigm featuring a behavioural research framework. A non-lexical taxonomic approach applied for comprehensive emic/bottom-up construct generation. In 15 test and 2 group situations, 146 contextualised behaviours measured repeatedly. This is the first comprehensive study on personality differences in capuchin monkeys. Overall no age and sex differences found, but long-term effects of early life experiences. AbstractWe applied a new framework for behavioural research on personality differences in 26 adult tufted capuchin monkeys. Using the Behavioural Repertoire x Environmental Situations Approach, we generated systematically 20 non-lexical emic personality constructs that have high ecological validity for this species. For construct operationalisation, we obtained 146 contextualised behavioural measures repeatedly in 15 experimental situations and 2 group situations using computerised and video-assisted methods. A complete repetition after a 2-3-week break within a 60-day period yielded significant test-retest reliability from individualoriented and variable-oriented viewpoints at different levels of aggregation. In accordance with well-established findings on cross-situational consistency, internal consistency was only moderate. This new and important finding highlights fundamental differences between behavioural approaches and judgment-based approaches to personality differences.Key words: age differences; Behavioural Repertoire x Environmental Situations Approach; capuchin monkeys; cross-situational consistency; early life experiences; individual behaviour; methodology; personality differences; sex differences; situation-behaviour-profiles Uher, J., . Contextualised behavioural measurements of personality differences obtained in behavioural tests and social observations in adult capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella). Journal of Research in Personality, 47, 427-444. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2013 www.primate-personality.net 2/36 Theoretical BackgroundPsychologists increasingly advocate for taking behavioural measurements of personality differences in greater consideration (Baumeister, Vohs, & Funder, 2007;Furr, 2009). Methods for studying the individuals' ongoing behaviour, physiology, and experience, as well as the environmental contexts in which they occur are currently being revived and further developed. Contextualised behavioural measurements are obtained, for example, in experimental "miniature situations" in objective personality tests sensu Cattell (Cattell & Warburton, 1967;Kubinger, 2009) or in daily life settings in the field of ambulatory monitoring (Gunthert et al. 2007;Mehl & Conner, 2012;Mehl & Pennebaker, 2003) to which Cattell (1957) referred to as Test-data and Life-data respectively.The behavioural study of individual differences involves more than just behavioural measurements, however. It requires meta-theoretical concepts and methodological approaches that differ in parts from those that have been established f...

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Section: A New Paradigm For Research On Individual Differencesmentioning

confidence: 96%

mentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Contextualised Concepts Of Individual Behaviourmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Contextualised behavioural measurements of personality differences obtained in behavioural tests and social observations in adult capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella)

Uher

Addessi

Visalberghi

2013

Journal of Research in Personality

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“…In the history of psychology, this claim has been the focus of considerable debate. The controversy first appeared in the 1930s with the seminal studies on attitude -behaviour consistency by LaPiere (1934) and on trans-situational consistency of moral behaviour by Hartshorne and May (1928). LaPiere (1934) within the individual which influence both his verbal expressions and his actions' ' (p. 75).…”

Section: A Brief History Of Attitude/trait -Behaviour Consistency Conmentioning

confidence: 99%

What moderates implicit—explicit consistency?

Hofmann¹,

Gschwendner²,

Nosek³

2005

European Review of Social Psychology

176

145

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Implicit and explicit indicators of attitudes or personality traits are positively, and variably, related. This review places the question of implicit -explicit consistency into the tradition of attitude/trait -behaviour consistency (e.g., Wicker, 1969). Drawing on dual-process models, such as the recent distinction between associative and propositional representations (Strack & Deutsch, 2004), we identify a working model of implicit -explicit consistency that organises the empirical evidence on implicit -explicit moderation into five factors: translation between implicit and explicit representations (e.g., representational strength, awareness), additional information integration for explicit representations (e.g., need for cognition), properties of explicit assessment (e.g., social desirability concerns), properties of implicit assessment (e.g., situational malleability), and research design factors (e.g., sampling bias, measurement correspondence).A significant proportion of psychological research over the last three decades concerns the automatic nature of information processing (Bargh, 1997;Khilstrom, 1999;Wegner & Bargh, 1998). Theory and empirical data have broadened notions of core psychological concepts like attitudes, stereotypes, self-concept, goals, personality, and self-esteem to include not Correspondence should be addressed to Wilhelm Hofmann, Fachbereich 8 -Psychologie Universita¨t Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, 76829 Landau, Germany. Email: hofmannw@ uni-landau.de Preparation of this chapter was supported by a grant from the German Science Foundation (DFG) to Manfred Schmitt (Schm 1092/5-1) and by a grant from the National Institute of Mental Health to Brian Nosek (R01 MH-068447). We would like to thank Rainer Banse, Boris Egloff, Malte Friese, Bertram Gawronski, and Jane Thompson for valuable comments on an earlier version of this chapter.EUROPEAN REVIEW OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2005, 16, 335 -390 2005 European Association of Experimental Social Psychology http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/pp/10463283.html DOI: 10.1080/10463280500443228 just the explicit assessments that are products of introspection, but also implicit components of these constructs that may occur outside of conscious awareness or control (Asendorpf, Banse, & Mu¨cke, 2002;Greenwald & Banaji, 1995;Wilson, Lindsey, & Schooler, 2000). Whereas implicit constructs are assumed to operate automatically and may be inaccessible to conscious experience, their explicit counterparts are conceptualised as reflective (conscious) and capacity-consuming mental representations that influence action through deliberation (e.g., Bargh, 1994;Greenwald & Banaji, 1995). This distinction plays a role in a variety of dual-process theories that distinguish two modes of information processing such as implicit vs explicit (Greenwald & Banaji, 1995;Wilson et al., 2000), automatic vs controlled (Bargh, 1994), impulsive vs reflective (Strack & Deutsch, 2004), and associative vs rule-based (Sloman, 1996;Smith & DeCoster, 2000). These theories share an assumpti...

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“…There is some empirical data on sharing behaviors in humans that suggest the same kinds of contextrelated variation (e.g., Hartshorne & May, 1928;Loh & Elliott, 1998;Ma & Leung, 1993;Maras, Lewis, & Simonds, 1999). A recent study by Benenson, Markovits, Roy, and Denko (2003) examined kindergarten and fourth-grade children's sharing behavior in two experimental contexts: one in which a resource could be hoarded without being easily detected, and the other in which hoarding could be easily detected.…”

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confidence: 99%

Children and Adolescents' Internal Models of Food‐Sharing Behavior Include Complex Evaluations of Contextual Factors

Markovits¹,

Benenson²,

Kramer³

2003

Child Development

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This study examined internal representations of food sharing in 589 children and adolescents (8 -19 years of age). Questionnaires, depicting a variety of contexts in which one person was asked to share a resource with another, were used to examine participants' expectations of food-sharing behavior. Factors that were varied included the value of the resource, the relation between the two depicted actors, the quality of this relation, and gender. Results indicate that internal models of food-sharing behavior showed systematic patterns of variation, demonstrating that individuals have complex contextually based internal models at all ages, including the youngest. Examination of developmental changes in use of individual patterns is consistent with the idea that internal models reflect age-specific patterns of interactions while undergoing a process of progressive consolidation.

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Studies in the nature of character, Vol. 3: Studies in the organization of character.

Cited by 191 publications

References 0 publications

Contextualised behavioural measurements of personality differences obtained in behavioural tests and social observations in adult capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella)

Contextualised behavioural measurements of personality differences obtained in behavioural tests and social observations in adult capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella)

What moderates implicit—explicit consistency?

Children and Adolescents' Internal Models of Food‐Sharing Behavior Include Complex Evaluations of Contextual Factors

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