Structure of gender stereotypes: Interrelationships among components and gender label.

Abstract

Various components of gender stereotypes were examined in three studies to determine their interrelationship and their influence relative to gender label. In the first two experiments, male and female college students were given information about gender and either role behaviors or traits and were asked to assess the probability that the stimulus person possessed other gender-related characteristics. In the third experiment, each of four gender stereotype components was presented in a within-subjects design and subjects made judgments about each other component. Results indicate that (a) information about one stereotype component can implicate other components; (b) specific component information may outweigh gender identification; and (c) components differ in their ability to implicate other components of gender stereotypes, with physical appearance playing a dominant role. The significance of these findings in understanding the structure and operation of gender stereotypes is discussed.

Sex differences in cooperation: A meta-analytic review of social dilemmas.

“…Prior research on gender stereotypes suggests that women are more able to devote themselves to others more generally (e.g., Conway et al, 1996;Deaux & Lewis, 1984;Eagly & Steffen, 1984). Women also self-report greater importance of universalism values than men, which suggests they extend concern to others beyond close relationships (Schwartz & Rubel, 2005).…”

“…Cooperation in a social dilemma, by definition, conveys a concern for the welfare of others, which is what a communal orientation is all about (e.g., Conway et al, 1996;Deaux & Lewis, 1984;Eagly & Steffen, 1984). In contrast, an agentic orientation involves a concern for own outcomes over others outcomes (A. Campbell, Muncer, & Gorman, 1993;Pruitt, 1983), which should lead to greater defection in social dilemmas.…”

Predicting opposition to the civil rights of trans persons in the United Kingdom

“…Secondly, trans persons' gender identities have often been medically managed in ways that privilege heterosexual people (Bolin, 1988). Thirdly, stereotypes describe lesbians and gay men as 'gender inverted' (Kite & Deaux, 1987, but see also Deaux & Lewis, 1984;Simon, 1998;Taylor, 1983); the categories 'gay', 'lesbian', and 'trans people' may be confused for some nontrans heterosexual people.…”

Estereotipos de género, maternidad y empleo: un análisis psicosociológico

“…Sin entrar aquí en la cuestión de si estas diferencias existen realmente o no, lo cual sería objeto de la psicología diferencial, lo que la psicología social ha demostrado es que la gente cree que existen y utiliza dicotomías muy similares a la de Simmel para describir a hombres y mujeres. Las primeras investigaciones en las que se analizó el contenido de los estereotipos de género (Broverman, Vogel, Broverman, Clarkson y Rosenkrantz, 1972;Rosenkrantz, Vogel, Bee, Broverman y Broverman, 1968) establecieron una distinción entre los rasgos relacionados con la competencia y los asociados a la expresividad emocional, dicotomía que es conceptualmente similar a la que estudios posteriores utilizaron para distinguir entre instrumentalidad y expresividad (Spence, Helmrecih y Stapp, 1975), o entre agencia y comunalidad (Deaux y Lewis, 1984;Eagly y Steffen, 1984;Williams y Best, 1982). En todas estas dicotomías los hombres se perciben como competentes, asertivos, independientes y orientados hacia el poder y el logro, mientras que las mujeres se perciben como afectivas, dependientes, sociables, poco preocupadas por ellas mismas y orientadas hacia los demás.…”