Smoking and matrix metalloproteinases, neutrophil elastase and myeloperoxidase in chronic periodontitis

Abstract

Our findings of significantly elevated serum MMP-9, MPO, NE together with decreased TIMP-1 in smoker CP patients than non-smokers support that smoking together with periodontal destruction may expose/predispose to cardiovascular diseases.

Risk Factors of Periodontal Disease: Review of the Literature

“…Tobacco smoking exerts a substantial destructive effect on the periodontal tissues and increases the rate of periodontal disease progression [24]. Risk factors including tobacco smoking modify the host response to the challenge of bacteria in microbial dental plaque [25, 26]. Smokers with periodontal disease seem to show less signs of clinical inflammation and gingival bleeding compared to nonsmokers [27].…”

Saliva and Serum Levels of B‐Cell Activating Factors and Tumor Necrosis Factor‐α in Patients With Periodontitis

“…Smoking has been reported to affect host cytokine levels relevant to periodontal diseases 48‐50 . Significantly lower osteoprotegerin (OPG) concentrations together with higher RANKL/OPG ratios were obtained in smokers with CP than a periodontally healthy smoker control group 50 .…”

Interleukin‐33 Levels in Gingival Crevicular Fluid, Saliva, or Plasma Do Not Differentiate Chronic Periodontitis

“…The present cross‐sectional study was undertaken to comparatively evaluate the GCF, saliva, and plasma levels of IL‐33 in non‐smokers with CP and non‐smokers, with healthy periodontium. Smoking has been reported to affect host cytokine levels, which are relevant to periodontal diseases 19‐21 . Therefore, only non‐smokers were included in the present study.…”