Risk Factors of Periodontal Disease: Review of the Literature

Abstract

Objectives. This paper aims to review the evidence on the potential roles of modifiable and nonmodifiable risk factors associated with periodontal disease. Data. Original articles that reported on the risk factors for periodontal disease were included. Sources. MEDLINE (1980 to Jan 2014), PubMed (using medical subject headings), and Google Scholar were searched using the following terms in different combinations: “periodontal disease,” “periodontitis,” “risk factors,” and “causal.” This was supplemented by hand-searching in peer-reviewed journals and cross-referenced with the articles accessed. Conclusions. It is important to understand the etiological factors and the pathogenesis of periodontal disease to recognize and appreciate the associated risk factors. As periodontal disease is multifactorial, effective disease management requires a clear understanding of all the associated risk factors.

Impact of combined non-surgical and surgical periodontal treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus-a preliminary report randomized clinical study

“…According to this finding, in periodontitis patients without other apparent diseases, CRP levels are higher than in patients without periodontitis [20]. Management of diabetic patients can maintain periodontal health with responding better to the periodontal treatment [21], and on the other side, the control of chronic periodontal infection is essential for achieving long-term control of T2DM [22].…”

Aggressive Periodontitis and its Multidisciplinary Focus: Review of the Literature

“…Other drugs, in particular those in liquid or chewable form that contain added sugar, alter the pH and the composition of the plaque. Additionally, drugs such as calcium blockers, Cyclosporine, and anticonvulsants produce gingival hyperplasia (18). These drugs are structurally different, but have in common the action of inhibiting cell calcium uptake, a mechanism implied in the pathogeny of gingival enlargement.…”

Link between Periodontal Disease and Coronary Artery Disease: Bangladesh Perspective

“…[14][15][16][17] In addition, ignorance and illiteracy, low socioeconomic condition, smokeless tobacco consumption, and hypovitaminosis D may contribute to PD. PD and CAD share some prevalent risk factors which could confound a relationship between them.…”

“…14 The exact prevalence of osteoporosis in Bangladesh is not known. Limited data indicate that Bangladeshi women may have lower bone mineral density in comparison to that in the western population.…”