“…Microlens arrays (MLAs), which generally refer to two-dimensional (2D) arrays of small lenses with diameter ranging from several micrometers to nearly millimeter, have diverse applications in micro-optical systems, high-definition displays, photovoltaic devices, biochemical systems, and artificial compound eyes. − In the past several years, various methods have been explored for fabricating MLAs, including thermal reflow, droplet method, hot embossing, gray scale photolithography, and so on. However, concave or negative MLAs are not availably fabricated by those well-estabilized techniques, which have extensive applications such as compound refractive lens for focusing X-rays, diffusers, and carriers of DNA chips. , Recently, some techniques have been proposed to manufacture concave MLAs.…”