Pulsed electric discharge for environmentally friendly cleaning and crushing of quartz sand

Abstract

The paper presents the results of research on the use of a pulsed electric discharge in aqueous media for the pretreatment (preliminary crushing and washing) of quartz sand in the glass industry. The averaged granulometric and elemental composition of quartz sands of the Muraevnya deposit has been studied (explored reserves are 31 million tons). The efficiency of the proposed method for treating quartz sand for its subsequent cleaning from undesirable impurities (primarily iron and clay oxides) is shown, preliminary parameters of the treatment process, changes in the granulometric and elemental composition of raw materials, and specific energy consumption for its treatment are determined. The main advantage of the technology is that it makes it possible to obtain such a degree of purification of quartz sand from impurities due to the destruction of impurities aggregated with silicon oxide particles, which is unattainable with standard flushing.

Recent advances in the marketing, impurity characterization and purification of quartz

“…Notably, this method is gentle, preserving the essential morphological characteristics of the quartz raw material surface while remaining environmentally friendly, pollution-free, and energy-efficient. Figure 12 [68,69] illustrates the electrical resistance exhibited by various minerals, such as quartzite, in aqueous solutions, indicating their propensity to rupture at a voltage of 220 kV/cm within a time frame of less than 200 ns [69] . Quartzite, being composed almost entirely of quartz with a uniform composition, displays minimal variations in dielectric constants among its crystal grains.…”

Optimal control of a double-barbane water-tube boiler

“…However, given that the state variables involved in the formation of the regulation law are not measured, but calculated on the basis of the object model, which, as a rule, is adequate to the real control object only to a certain extent, it seems appropriate to assess the robustness of the designed system [ 19]. Figure 5a-e shows the transient processes in a closed system with a two-fold variation of the coefficients of the matrix A. Analyzing the given transient characteristics, we can conclude that the synthesized automatic control system is rather rough, since when the time constants of the object change, the quality indicators of the transient processes remain admissible (no static error, the amount of overshoot is admissible, the processes are steady) [ 20]:…”