“…Based on their theory, the authors proposed a higher-order, two-factor model for this scale: agency and pathways (Snyder et al, 1991;Babyak, Snyder & Yoshinobu, 1993). This scale has been translated and validated in different countries and with various types of samples (Abdel-Khalek & Snyder, 2007;Chen, Shen & Li, 2009;Gana, Daigre & Ledrich, 2013;Kato & Snyder, 2005;Marques, Lopez, Fontaine, Coimbra & Mitchell, 2014;Shehni-Yailagh et al, 2012;Sun, Ng & Wang, 2012;Creamer et al, 2009;Roesch & Vaughn, 2006;Vernberg, Snyder & Schuh, 2005). In all cases, the two-factor structure proposed by Snyder et al (1991) was confirmed and showed convergent validity with other variables (self-esteem, optimism, self-efficacy, satisfaction with life, distress, hopelessness, depression, anxiety, among others).…”