A numerical study has been conducted for the flow of a dilute particleladen gas moving past one or more tubes undergoing erosion. A nonorthogonal body-fitted coordinate system was used to calculate three tube configurations for laminar and turbulent flow regimes. The sssumption of one-way coupling allows the calculation of individual particle velocities from the fluid flow field. The significant effects of turbulent velocity fluctuations are taken into account by means of the stochastic separated flow model. The particle flow field information is then used to predict circumferential distributions of particle flux and erosion. Predictions of trajectories for the case of two in-line tubes show that particles with inertia numbers X > 1 will strike many tubes in a tube bank due to particle rebounding from tube surfaces. By contrast, particles with X -= 1 are entrained in the bulk flow between tubes. In general, the effect of increasing the particle-gas suspension temperature is to couple the particle-fluid motion more closely through viscous drag and, thus, to decrease erosion.
Introduction
The problem of interestThe erosion of tubes in tube banks by particles suspended in gas flows is a major problem in the power industry. Such erosion is especially important in the reheaters and economizers of coalfired boilers utilizing fluidized bed combustors. A survey of the literature on the subject, available in Schuh (1987), has uncovered a considerable amount of work on single-phase flow and heat transfer for single tubes, but less for the case of tube banks. In addition, much of what is available for tube banks tends to be semiempirical or qualitative in nature and often in the vein of correlations for predicting overall values of pressure drop and heat transfer. The level of corresponding information relating to particle-laden gas flows, especially the effects of fluid motion on particle motion and hence on tube erosion, is virtually nil.The study reported here is part of a research effort aimed at measuring and rendering predictable the flow of dilute concentrations of solid spherical particles suspended in isothermal gas streams moving past one or two in-line tubes, or past a tube in a tube bank. The turbulent flow regime is of special interest for
Respondent's willingness to pay for pharmacist cognitive services appeared to be correlated with insurance coverage and out-of-pocket expense and inversely proportional to the amount of out-of-pocket expense to the patient. Of those willing to use pharmacist cognitive services, 47% of the sample were willing to pay 100% out-of-pocket for pharmacist cognitive services, 70% were willing to pay a copay of 20%, and 85% were willing to use these services if insurance paid 100% of the cost.
OBJECTIVE: To describe an established, pharmacist-managed, fee-for-service, office-based pharmacogenomics (PGx) practice.<br/> SETTING: Multi-specialty, academic, tertiary care medical clinic and hospital.<br/> PRACTICE DESCRIPTION: Physician office-based
PGx fee-for-service (FFS) pharmacist practice. Patients seen are complex and most are older adults.<br/> INNOVATION: Established service in a new area of ambulatory practice that is financially self-sustaining. Patients who received PGx testing were seen within the medication
therapy management polypharmacy practice since 2015, with the PGx practice becoming official in 2018.<br/> MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Growth of practice, evaluated by referred patient consults ordered per month by providers.<br/> RESULTS: Because of insufficient third-party
payment for PGx services, the practice was developed as a selfpay, FFS practice and growing because of patient and provider demand.<br/> CONCLUSION: It is quite possible pharmacists in greater numbers can expand PGx services into ambulatory and inpatient areas they may have never
otherwise entered now that PGx has grown in use and relevance. PGx presents additional opportunities and service lines for pharmacists to practice how they were trained and assist them in collaborative integration onto the medical team.
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