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The General Self Efficacy Scale (GSES-12) is a short version of the Sherer's Self-Efficacy Scale, and evaluates a general dimension and three aspects of self-efficacy: initiative, persistence and effort. The aim of this study is to explore the factorial structure, reliability, and criterion validity of the Spanish adaptation of the GSES-12 in general and clinical populations. The sample was composed of 714 volunteers (332 from the clinical population). Results of the principal components analysis yielded a 3-factor structure that was later confirmed through Confirmatory Factor Analysis. Moreover, this study shows good internal consistency and testretest values, and differences in self-efficacy scores between the clinical and non-clinical groups.The present study demonstrates that the Spanish version of the GSES-12 is a valid and reliable measure, and it adds relevant information to the debate about the dimensional structure of general self-efficacy.

Introduction Hope is a positive, future-thinking construct that is highly related to pursuing and achieving our personal goals. Considering its relevance for well-being and psychological adjustment, the purpose of this study is to explore the psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the Dispositional Hope Scale (DHS) (Snyder et al., 1991), its relation with important psychological health indicators (depression, hopelessness, optimism, general self-efficacy and quality of life), and examine the possible differences between clinical (CP) and general populations (GP).Method Sample was composed of 290 volunteers. Measures of hopelessness, depression, optimism, quality of life, self-efficacy, and positive-negative affect were administered. Hope was assessed again 1 month later to collect test-retest data.Results CFA supports the unidimensional structure. In addition, good internal consistency and test-retest values were found. Further, based on the one-factor model, results revealed that the Spanish DHS has strong factorial invariance across populations (GP and CP). The differences in the hope levels detected between CP and GP appear to be mainly associated with positive affect and depressive symptoms. 2Conclusions Results broaden the existing data about the Spanish DHS and support its usefulness not only for research, but also for clinical purposes.