Plant-Derived Leading Compounds for Chemotherapy of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection

Abstract

Many compounds of plant origin have been identified that inhibit different stages in the replication cycle of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV): 1) virus adsorption: chromone alkaloids (schumannificine), isoquinoline alkaloids (michellamines), sulphated polysaccharides and polyphenolics, flavonoids, coumarins (glycocoumarin, licopyranocoumarin) phenolics (caffeic acid derivatives, galloyl acid derivatives, catechinic acid derivatives), tannins and triterpenes (glycyrrhizin and analogues, soyasaponin and analogues); 2) virus-cell fusion: lectins (mannose-and N-acetylglucosamine-specific) and triterpenes (betulinic acid and analogues); 3) reverse transcription: alkaloids (benzophenanthridines, protoberberines, isoquinolines, quinolines), coumarins (calanolides and analogues), flavonoids, phloroglucinols, lactones (protolichesterinic acid), tannins, indoids (fulvoplumierin) and triterpenes; 4) integration: coumarins (3-substituted-4-hydroxycoumarins), depsidones, O-caffeoyl derivatives, lignans (anctigenin and analogues) and phenolics (curcumin); 5) translation: single chain ribosome inactivating proteins (SCRIP's); 6) proteolytic cleavage (protease inhibition):saponins (ursolic and maslinic acids), xanthones (mangostin and analogues) and coumarins; 7) glycosylation: alkaloids including indolizidines (castanospermine and analogues), piperidines (1-deoxynojirimicin and analogues) and pyrrolizidines (australine and analogues); 8) assembly/release: naphthodianthrones (hypericin and pseudohypericin), photosensitisers (terthiophenes and furoisocoumarins) and phospholipids. The target of action of several anti-HIV substances including alkaloids (O-demethyl-buchenavianine, papaverine), polysaccharides (acemannan), lignans (intheriotherins, schisantherin), phenolics (gossypol, lignins, catechol dimers such as peltatols, naphthoquinones such as conocurvone) and saponins (celasdin B, Gleditsia and Gymnocladus saponins), has not been elucidated or does not fit in the proposed scheme. Only a very few of these plant-derived anti-HIV products have been used in a limited number of patients suffering from AIDS viz. glycyrrhizin, papaverine, trichosanthin, castanospermine, N-butyl-1 -deoxynojirirnicin and acemannan.

Antiviral Activity of a Hot Water Extract of Black Soybean against a Human Respiratory Illness Virus

“…The antiviral activity of soyasaponin against the herpes simplex virus, human immunodeˆciency virus, human cytomegalovirus, and FluV A has been reported. [8][9][10][11] Since it has been reported that soyasaponin was recovered in 70z aqueous ethanol, we presumed that the antiviral activity of the hot-water extract of black soybean against Ad1 would have come from compound(s) other than soyasaponin. As shown in Fig.…”

“…Since acute respiratory tract diseases are mainly caused by infection from viruses such as the adenovirus, in‰uenza virus, and coxsackievirus, 7) we have presumed that the pharmacological eŠect of the black soybean extract on the disease might be due to antiviral activity. Concerning the antiviral activity of soybean, it has been reported that soyasaponin from the common yellowish soybean inhibited the replication of the herpes simplex virus, 8,9) human immuno-deˆciency virus (HIV), 8,10,11) cytomegalovirus, 8) and in‰uenza virus. 8) However, the speciˆc antiviral activity of the black soybean extract against respiratory illness viruses has not been previously investigated.…”

Bioproduction of Depsidones for Pharmaceutical Purposes

“…This is followed by the trans-esterification of phosphodiester bonds, one strand of DNA cutting and joining the 5 'end of the cut to the processed viral 3'-end. These two steps, called processing 3 'and band transfer of DNA can be measured in vitro using a purified recombinant integrase and a 21-mer duplex oligonucleotide corresponding to the end-HIV U5 LTR sequence (Vlietinck et al, 1998). Using a 3D database of the National Institute of Cancer and the appropiate software (Chem-X), Neamati et al (1997) have identified two potential architectures of active pharmacophores for virensic acid and other depsidones such as physodic acid.…”

Mikania glomerata Spreng. e M. laevigata Sch. Bip. ex Baker, Asteraceae: estudos agronômicos, genéticos, morfoanatômicos, químicos, farmacológicos, toxicológicos e uso nos programas de fitoterapia do Brasil

“…Diversos autores atribuem o efeito farmacológico do guaco à cumarina (Pedroso et al, 2008), sendo estas descritas com diversas atividades terapêuticas importantes, tais como, anti-inflamatória, imunossupressora, hipolipidêmico, relaxante vascular, anticoagulante, hipotensora, espasmolítica, antioxidante, antiofídica, inibição da replicação do vírus HIV-1, entre outros (Pereira et al, 1994;Hoult & Payá, 1996;Vlientinck et al, 1998). Além disso, a agência regulamentadora de medicamentos do Brasil (Anvisa) considera a cumarina como marcador químico da M. glomerata, e de acordo com a resolução RE 89, de 16 de março de 2004, que determina a lista de registro simplificado de fitoterápicos no Brasil, a dose diária recomendada para este marcador pode variar entre 0,525 e 4,890 mg.…”