Ophthalmic Diagnostic Tests in Parrots (Amazona amazonica) and (Amazona aestiva)

Monção-Silva, Renata; Ofri, Ron; Raposo, Ana; Araújo, Nayone Lima Lantyer Cordeiro de; Torezani, Josiano C.; Muramoto, Caterina; Oriá, Arianne Pontes

doi:10.1053/j.jepm.2016.05.002

Cited by 13 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Endodontic paper points have not been standardized for measurement of tear flow. However, their use for this purpose has been previously assessed in birds, 16 marmoset monkeys, 14 rabbits 18 and cats. 19 Differences in brands, sizes and specific characteristics of paper tips, such as trabecular density or type of cellulose fiber should be considered to determine efficiency and to establish appropriate reference values.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Use of endodontic paper points and Schirmer strips for measurement of tear flow in red-lored parrots (<em>Amazona autumnalis</em>)

Silva-Castillo¹,

Flores-Ceballos²,

Ducoing-Watty

et al. 2019

Vet Méx OA

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Ocular diseases are sub-diagnosed in bird species, partly because of limited diagnostic methods and lack of reference data. Placement of Schirmer tear test strips in the bottom of the conjunctival sac of birds for tear flow measurement can prove to be difficult, whereas paper tips commonly used for dental procedures may be easier to use, due to a more adequate size and shape. Hence, the aim of this study was to assess and compare tear flow values, using ABC Dental® # 30 color paper tips and TearFloTM Test strips in Red-lored Parrots (Amazona autumnalis) (n = 26). Captive birds of undetermined sex were housed in groups under similar environmental conditions and fed the same diet. All animals were deemed healthy through remote and physical examinations. Average tear flow values of 0.6365 ± 0.032 cm/min and 0.5942 ± 0.032 cm/min were obtained with the Schirmer strips test and the endodontic tips respectively. Lack of difference in observed values between measurement techniques (p = 0.3629) indicates that endodontic tips may be a good alternative for tear flow assessment in Red-lored parrots. In addition, endodontic tips are more cost effective and may be less invasive. This study stresses the need to establish species specific ophthalmic reference values for clinical practice in birds, since differences have been reported even in specimens within the same genus.Figure 1. Measurement of tear flow in Red-lored parrots using TearFloTM Test Strips

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As for the TearFlo strips, endodontic paper tips were placed in the ventral fornix of the inferior eyelid of each eye for 60 seconds, then removed and the wet segment immediately measured using a caliper to determine tear flow ( Figure 2). 16…”

Section: Abc Dental® # 30 Colored Paper Tipsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of endodontic paper points and Schirmer strips for measurement of tear flow in red-lored parrots (<em>Amazona autumnalis</em>)

Silva-Castillo¹,

Flores-Ceballos²,

Ducoing-Watty

et al. 2019

Vet Méx OA

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“…Similar results obtained for PRTT in white-eared opossums were described for swine, 16±4.7mm/15s (Trost et al 2007); owls (Megascops asio), 15±4.3mm/15s (Harris et al 2008); bats of the genus Pteropus, 20.23±1.28 mm/15s (Blackwood et al 2010); chinchillas (Chinchilla lanigera), 14.6±3.5mm/15s (Lima et al 2010); marmoset (Callithrix penicillata), 13.27±5.41 (Lange et al 2012); and parrots (Amazona amazonica), 21.9±2.3mm/15s (Monção-Silva et al 2016a).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Its use was described in birds, which had small eyelid and required rapid physical restraint (Hida et al 2005, Holt et al 2006, Trost et al 2007, Blackwood et al 2010, Lange et al 2012. The endodontic absorbent paper point tear test (EAPPTT) was used in wild species, among them mammals, reptiles and birds (Lima et al 2010, Lange et al 2012, 2014, Huaringa et al 2015, Oriá et al 2015b, 2015c, Rajaei et al 2015, Monção-Silva et al 2016a, Araujo et al 2017. This test is composed of a strip of absorbent material, with a small width, and the reading is performed by measuring the moist portion after 60 seconds (Lange et al 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of tear production in juvenile opossum using three different methods

et al. 2019

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The establishment of parameters for tear production in different species is important for better understanding eye´s health and is one of the components of the ophthalmic semiological technique. Particularities derived from the anatomophysiology of non-domestic species induce the search for more reliable methodologies. The aim was to evaluate and compare tear production of white-eared opossum (Didelphis albiventris) and Brazilian common opossum (Didelphis aurita) by three different methods. Fifteen individuals of each species, juveniles, healthy, of both sexes, with 60 to 90 days of life, were physically restrained. Phenol red thread test (PRTT), endodontic absorbent paper point tear test (EAPPTT) and modified -Schirmer tear test (mSTT) were performed. PRTT was the most difficult to perform because of the wire malleability, while EAPPTT was more feasible for both species. The median ± semi-quartile range for PRTT were 19.79±2.61mm/15 “and 5.22±2.92mm/15”, for EAPPTT were 16.25±1.82mm/min and 10.9±3.04mm/min, and for STTm were 0±1.63mm/min and 0±1.63mm/min for white-eared opossum and Brazilian common opossum respectively. There was no difference between the right and left eye neither sex. A significant difference was obtained for the same test to different species. No significant correlation was found between the tests for both species. The description of tear production parameters for juvenile white-eared opossum and Brazilian common opossum may be used as a tool, which will allow the early diagnosis of ocular diseases.

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“…In horses, the sensitivity values are higher compared to other animals such as dogs and cattle (KAPS et al, 2003;WIESER et al, 2013). It can be affected by several factors, including the skull anatomy and orbit that change the positioning and insertion of the eyeball in each breed, ambient temperature and humidity and age of the individual (LACERDA et al, 2014;MONÇÃO-SILVA et al, 2016). Factors that may influence the corneal touch threshold (CTT) values have already been studied in horses (BROOKS et al, 2000;KAPS et al, 2003;WIESER et al, 2013), birds (LACERDA et al, 2014), dogs (KOBASHIGAWA et al, 2015) and cats (BLOCKER & VAN DER WOERT, 2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%