Novel design of combinational and sequential logical structures in quantum dot cellular automata

Abstract

Green chemistry approaches for the synthesis of metallic nanoparticles have become a new and promising field of research in recent years. Synthesis of metal nanoparticles [like gold (Au), silver (Ag), lead (Pb), platinum (Pt), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), cadmium (Cd), and other metal oxides such as titanium oxide (TiO), zinc oxide (ZnO), etc.] by various chemical and physical approaches as well as the biological approaches mediated by number of microorganisms have been actively found. Plant-mediated synthesis approaches are found to be more reliable and economic route to synthesize these metal nanoparticles. Owing to the biodiversity of plant biomasses, the actual mechanism by which the plant constituents have contributed to the synthetic process is yet to be fully known. Although the feasibility of controlling, the size and shape of nanoparticles by variation in reaction conditions have been demonstrated in many studies. Conventionally, nanoparticles are synthesized by chemicals and physicochemical methods using several chemicals which later on become accountable for various risk due to their general toxicity, so that solving the objective biological approaches is coming up to fill these gaps. The plant-mediated synthesis process undergoes highly controlled approaches for making them suitable for metal nanoparticle synthesis. In addition, biological synthesis of metallic nanoparticles is inexpensive, one-step, and eco-friendly method. In addition, the plant-mediated nanoparticles are used as potential pharmaceutical agents for various diseases such as malaria, HIV, cancer, hepatitis, and other diseases. Including this some other relevant information regarding nanopharmaceutical products, companies that are involve in the manufacturing and commercialization process and their clinical trial status are also discussed. This review article gives an overview of the plant-mediated synthesis of metal nanoparticles, possible compounds, and mechanisms that might be responsible for the reduction process as well as the potential pharmacological applications, currently available nanopharmaceutical products and their marketing status.

Design and Implementation of Scan Flip-flop for Processor Using QCA Technology

“…Each and every Flip-flops output were verified with their respective truth table. Bahniman Ghosh et al [4] designed some combinational and sequential circuits using QCA. They are 4:2 priority encoder, 8:3 simple encoder, scan Flip-flop, pseudo random bit sequence generators layout was generated and they were compared with the CMOS technology.…”

Implementation of Binary to Gray Code Converters in Quantum Dot Cellular Automata

“…By using cell polarization P = + 1.00 to represent logic "1" and P = -1.00 to represent logic "0", binary data is encoded in the charge composition of the QCA cell [7,8]. A number of QCA combinational [1,5,[9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22], sequential [23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32] and reversible logic [33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40] circuit have been proposed in recent years based on two cell inverters and three input majority voter elements [10,17,41,42]. Elemental structures for QCA are the inverter and the majority gate.…”

Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata-Based Full Adder Design: Comprehensive Review and Performance Comparison

“…As QCA is among the potential candidates for upcoming computing systems, researchers are focusing on circuit design methods to represent binary data [13,14]. Te Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) is an essential part of modern microprocessors [15].…”