NIR‐Activated Multimodal Photothermal/Chemodynamic/Magnetic Resonance Imaging Nanoplatform for Anticancer Therapy by Fe(II) Ions Doped MXenes (Fe‐Ti₃C₂)

Abstract

2D MXene, Ti3C2 (TC), has displayed enormous potential in applications in photothermal therapy (PTT), attributing to its biocompatibility and outstanding photothermal conversion capability. However, some tumor ablations are difficult to be realized completely by monotherapy due to the essential defects of monotherapy and intricate tumor microenvironment (TME). In this work, the appropriate doped Fe2+ ions are anchored into the layers of 2D ultrathin TC nanosheets (TC NSs) to synthesize a novel multifunctional nanoshell of Fe(II)‐Ti3C2 (FTC) through interlayer electrostatic adsorption. FTC possesses superior photothermal conversion efficiency (PTCE) than TC NSs, attributing to the enhanced conductivity promoted by interlaminar ferrous ion‐channels. Moreover, Fenton reaction based on ferrous ions endows FTC the abilities of reactive oxide species (ROS) releasing and glutathione (GSH) suppression triggered by near‐infrared (NIR) laser, featuring splendid biocompatibility and curative effect in hypoxic TME. Meanwhile, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) responding in FTC reveals the potential as an integrated diagnosis and treatment nanoplatform. FTC could provide new insights into the development of multimoded synergistic nanoplatform for biological applications, especially breaking the shackles of MXenes merely used as a photo‐thermal agent (PTA), adopting it to bioimaging sensor and drug loading.

Recent Advances in Transition-Metal Based Nanomaterials for Noninvasive Oncology Thermal Ablation and Imaging Diagnosis

“…They are also highly conductive and magnetic, making them a diagnostic tool for cancer ( VahidMohammadi et al, 2021 ). Wu et al (2021) anchored ferrous ions on the Ti 3 C 2 nanolayer to obtain a multifunctional nanoplatform of Fe(II)-Ti 3 C 2 (FTC). They found that the MRI imaging time in MKN45 tumor-bearing nude mice was as long as 24 h, creating a time window for treating tumors.…”

Manganese-based hollow nanoplatforms for MR imaging-guided cancer therapies

“…Generally, nanomaterials containing Co and Fe are good T 2 -weighted MR imaging CAs and Fenton−/Fenton-like agents due to their intrinsic magnetic and catalytic properties, respectively. In addition, they display great potential in magnetic hyperthermia and PTT, which can synergize with other diagnosis and treatment functions [ 136 – 139 ]. In this section, we will present dual magnetic cores, including Mn-Co-based and Mn-Fe-based nanoplatforms, for cancer theranostics.…”

A triphenylphosphine coordinated cinnamaldehyde-derived copper(i) Fenton-like agent with mitochondrial aggregation damage for chemodynamic therapy

“…8 This novel therapeutic modality is initiated in situ through Fenton reactions mediated by active metal ions such as Fe 2+ , Cu + , and Mn 2+ and it is considered a promising antineoplastic approach that has high selectivity and minimal invasiveness, and does not require exogenous energy input. 9–13 Nevertheless, it is undeniable that current CDT approaches are often restricted by insufficient H 2 O 2 levels and low pH in the tumor tissue, resulting in the inability to produce enough ˙OH necessary for inducing oxidative damage. 14–17 More importantly, considering the short lifespan and diffusion distance of ˙OH, Fenton/Fenton-like therapeutic agents also face great challenges in their ability to target critical positions of tumor sites to maximize exposure to H 2 O 2 and lead to effective oxidative damage.…”