With the developments of nanobiotechnology and nanomedicine, non-invasive thermal ablation with fewer side effects than traditional tumor treatment methods has received extensive attention in tumor treatment. Non-invasive thermal ablation has the advantages of non-invasiveness and fewer side effects compared with traditional treatment methods. However, the clinical efficiency and biological safety are low, which limits their clinical application. Transition-metal based nanomaterials as contrast agents have aroused increasing interest due to its unique optical properties, low toxicity, and high potentials in tumor diagnosis. Transition-metal based nanomaterials have high conversion efficiency of converting light energy into heat energy, good near-infrared absorption characteristics, which also can targetedly deliver those loaded drugs to tumor tissue, thereby improving the therapeutic effect and reducing the damage to the surrounding normal tissues and organs. This article mainly reviews the synthesis of transition-metal based nanomaterials in recent years, and discussed their applications in tumor thermal ablation and diagnosis, hopefully guiding the development of new transition metal-based nanomaterials in enhancing thermal ablation.
Abnormal epigenetic regulation is identified to correlate with cancer progression and renders tumor refractory and resistant to reactive oxygen species (ROS)‐based anti‐tumor actions. To address it, a sequential ubiquitination and phosphorylation epigenetics modulation strategy is developed and exemplified by the well‐established Fe‐metal‐organic framework (Fe‐MOF)‐based chemodynamic therapy (CDT) nanoplatforms that load the 26S proteasome inhibitor (i.e., MG132). The encapsulated MG132 can blockade 26S proteasome, terminate ubiquitination, and further inhibit transcription factor phosphorylation (e.g., NF‐κB p65), which can boost pro‐apoptotic or misfolded protein accumulations, disrupt tumor homeostasis, and down‐regulate driving genes expression of metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). Contributed by them, Fe‐MOF‐unlocked CDT is magnified to considerably elevate ROS content for repulsing mCRC, especially after combining with macrophage membrane coating‐enabled tropism accumulation. Systematic experiments reveal the mechanism and signaling pathway of such a sequential ubiquitination and phosphorylation epigenetics modulation and explain how it could blockade ubiquitination and phosphorylation to liberate the therapy resistance to ROS and activate NF‐κB‐related acute immune responses. This unprecedented sequential epigenetics modulation lays a solid foundation to magnify oxidative stress and can serve as a general method to enhance other ROS‐based anti‐tumor methods.
Viruses are routinely isolated from infected cells through freeze–thaw (F–T) cycles or sonication. The aim of this study was to compare different methods for efficient isolation of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) particles from BSR-T7/5 (BSR) cells. The BSR cells were infected with NDV LaSota strain, and the virus particles were isolated via F–T, sonication, sonication followed by F–T, and F–T followed by sonication. The infection and proliferation kinetics of the virus were analyzed by cytopathic observation and monitoring of hemagglutination (HA) titers. The virus isolated by sequential F–T and sonication was amplified through five passages of BSR cells, and then used to infect the HepG2 cells. The viability and apoptosis rates of the infected cells were evaluated by Cell Counting Kit-8 assay and Annexin V-FITC/PI staining respectively. We successfully obtained NDV particles from persistently infected BSR cells through all four methods, which indicated that the LaSota can effectively replicate in BSR cells. However, F–T followed by sonication was optimum in terms of separation effect. The virus particles isolated by this method still exhibited cytolytic activity against HepG2 cells. Thus, our novel method can be applied to NDV production and generation of tumor vaccines.
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