<p>Abnormal Glucose Metabolism and Associated Risk Factors Among Adults in Mekelle City, Ethiopia</p>

Abstract

Background In the past decade, the prevalence of diabetes has grown more rapidly in low- and middle-income countries than in high-income countries. In 2019, Ethiopia is the fourth highest contributor to cases with diabetes in Africa with 1.7 million total cases. The present study was aimed to determine the prevalence of abnormal glucose metabolism and associated factors in Mekelle city, Northern Ethiopia. Methods and Materials Community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 321 randomly selected participants aged 20 years and above. Sociodemographic, lifestyle, clinical, and anthropometric data were collected in accordance with the STEPwise approach as recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) for non-communicable disease (NCDs) surveillance. Blood glucose and lipid profiles were determined using a fasting venous blood sample. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to identify factors associated with abnormal glucose metabolism. The level of statistical significance was set at p ≤0.05. Results More than half (54.8%) of the participants were women with an overall mean (±SD) age of 39.0 (±14.2) years. The overall prevalence of pre-diabetes and diabetes was 12.5% and 9.3%, respectively, with a mean (±SD) fasting blood glucose of 97.42 (±38.03) mg/dL. More than two-thirds (70.0%) of adults with diabetes were not aware of being diabetes. Advanced age, hypercholesterolemia, medium and high rank of heart rate, and raised waist to height ratio were significantly associated with a higher risk of pre-diabetes, whereas having house servant, systolic hypertension, and hypercholesterolemia were significantly associated with diabetes. Conclusion We found a high prevalence of prediabetes and diabetes with more than two-thirds (70.0%) of newly diagnosed adults with diabetes, which showed a lack of awareness in the community. Awareness creation together with access to basic diagnostics in the primary health-care settings should therefore be a top priority to prevent its progression and complication.

Prevalence and risk factors of type-2 diabetes mellitus in Ethiopia: systematic review and meta-analysis

“…This difference is due to the fact that diabetes self-management education is critical for reducing weight, blood pressure, and alcohol intake, and literates should have a greater understanding and ability regarding feeding style in their dietary to avoid diabetes disease. This finding is consistent with the previous studies finding 46 , 47 , 49 .…”

“…Wasting circumference (WC) is a diabetes risk factor that is strongly linked to other cardiovascular diseases. Study 10 , 49 supports that an individual with high waist circumference was positively associated with DM and 1.97 times more likely to develop type-2 DM than the lower one(OR = 1.97, 95% CI: 1.05, 7.79) (Fig. 6 ).This result is also supported by the result of previous studies 26 , 57 , 58 .…”

“…In this sub-categorical meta-analysis, eleven studies were included to examine the effect of body mass index on type-2 DM 16 , 17 , 19 , 21 , 27 , 31 , 34 , 36 , 40 , 44 , 48 , 49 . Of these, seven studies indicated a statistically significant association between body mass index and type-2 17 , 19 , 21 , 31 , 34 , 43 , 49 that shows a high risk of DM as body mass increased. In comparison, four studies showed there was no statistical difference in type-2DM among the normal weight and overweighed 17 , 27 , 36 , 46 .…”

“…In contrast, our study 11 , 23 , 35 , 45 had got the result that contradict the other studies and concluded age had no any effect over the development of DM. Ten studies were examined the association between hypertension and DM 32 , 34 , 36 , 43 , 49 , and the result shows that a person with blood pressure ≥ 140 mm Hg was 2.48 times more likely to develop type-2 diabetes (OR: 2.48, 95% CI: 1.47, 4.18) (Fig. 3 ).…”

“…Of 12 studies that examined the association of education level with type-2 DM, five studies supported that education level was associated with type-2 DM 11 , 45 , 48 . Among seven studies included in the analysis, six studies 10 , 43 , 47 – 49 showed that physical activity had a significant contribution to the prevalence of type-2 DM (Fig. 5 ).…”