Insights into the formation and operation of polyaniline sulfonate/cytochrome c multilayer electrodes: contributions of polyelectrolytes’ properties

Abstract

The multilayer formation of two different sulfonated polyanilines with cytochrome c is presented and mechanistic aspects of the contributions of the polyelectrolytes' properties to the characteristics of the assemblies are discussed. These two modified polymers, PASA1 and PASA2 are chemically synthesized and differ in the grade of sulfonation, substitution, and the chain length of the polymer. The influence of these properties on the multilayer assembly with cytochrome c is studied in detail by Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM) technique and Cyclic Voltammetry (CV). It is shown that the multilayer formation is successful, however, the redox activity of polyanilines itself has to be taken into account. In the case of a strong redox activity (PASA2) voltammetric analysis allows the separation of redox processes addressed to the polyelectrolyte and cyt c. For multilayers with PASA1 as building block electroactivity can be predominantly attributed to cyt c ensuring a high amount of electroactive protein and a low probability for interfering redox reaction, making this system suitable for biosensor applications.

A Conducting Polymer/Protein Composite with Bactericidal and Electroactive Properties

“…Although the interaction between common CPs (i.e., polyaniline and, specially, polypyrrole derivatives) and bioentities, such as amino acids, proteins, DNA and living cells, has been extensively studied,8–16 it has been only quite recently that polythiophene derivatives have been explored as materials with promising biotechnological and/or biomedical applications 17–33. Within these exciting fields, PEDOT has been used to: recognize specific nucleotide sequences12–24; interact with epithelial, fibroblasts and neuronal cells favoring their adhesion and proliferation25–30; prepare bifunctional films with high bio‐ and electrochemical activities through the incorporation of collagen, which is one of the known constituents of the extracellular matrix of neurons31; construct functionalized devices for protein detection32, 33; etc.…”

A Survey of the 2010 Quartz Crystal Microbalance Literature

“…In addition to the papers detailed above, synthetic films were used as the binding matrix in a number of QCM studies to monitor protein adsorption. Examples are glycosylated surfaces on a polyacrylonitrile film (Che et al ., ), azobenzene‐containing polymers (Chen et al ., ), modified poly(styrene) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (D'Sa et al ., ), tropoelastin, fibronectin and collagen coatings on oxidised polystyrene (Holst et al ., ), modified poly(ethylene terephthalate) films (Indest et al ., ), Poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) on silica (Lin et al ., ), polyurethane containing poly(propylene glycol) or poly(tetramethylene oxide) (Ma et al ., ), sulfonated polyanilines (Sarauli et al ., ), polysiloxane (Satriano et al ., ), glucose oxidase immobilised on polyaniline‐coated polyester films (Shin et al ., ) and poly(allylamine hydrochloride)/poly(acrylic acid) multilayer membranes (Tsai et al ., ).…”

Biomimetic behavior and nanomolar detection of hydrogen peroxide on an electrochemically pre-treated hematin modified glassy carbon electrode

“…Other materials such as graphene [4,14,15], electroactive polymers [7,[16][17][18][19][20] and nanocrystalline diamond [21] were also used as matrix in the preparation of the heme containing biosensors and also promote the electron charge transfer on the electrode surface. However, biosensors based on Page 5 of 64 A c c e p t e d M a n u s c r i p t heme-containing proteins are usually expensive as they require a multistep approach and an increased number of molecules in the electrode in order to provide a proper response which allows new approaches in the development of electrochemical biomimetic sensors.…”