“…Although previous studies have delineated how GIS contributes to fostering higher‐order thinking (Baker et al., 2015; Chen & Wang, 2015; Hong, 2017; Tan & Chen, 2015) and have elucidated the many advantages of utilizing GIS in cultivating advanced cognitive skills and abilities such as (geo)spatial thinking, problem‐solving, critical thinking, and analytical and evaluation skills (Collins, 2018; Favier & Van der Schee, 2012; Gonzalez & Torres, 2020; Schulze, 2021; Schulze et al., 2013; Sinton, 2012; Virranmäki et al., 2021), neither group in our study made significant gains in the challenging learning skills at level 4 (evaluate and create), resulting in almost equal performance between the two groups. The result lends credence to Van der Schee et al.…”