Fast cures for thick laminated organic matrix composites

Martinez, Gregory M.

doi:10.1016/0009-2509(91)80005-j

Cited by 39 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…The first attempts to reduce curing duration of laminates were proposed by G.M. Martinez [1] and J.S. Kim [2] and showed that time reduction can be obtained with non-linear heating ramps or succession of heating and cooling ramps during the manufacturing cycle.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modelling of the thermokinetic behaviour and the phases transitions of a carbon/polymeric composite submitted to high heating rate ramps

2010

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Our on-going work focuses on curing time reduction owing to the Roctool Cage System® on aeronautical prepregs. Our very first aim is thus to define the limits of this process in order to get the shortest cure cycles (objective function) while respecting some constrained functions such as: no degradation of the polymeric matrix and final degree of cure α and T g at least equal to those obtained on the autoclave-cured material according to the cure cycle recommended by the prepreg manufacturer. The prepreg investigated here is the Hexply M21/35%/268/T700GC carbon/polymeric matrix produced by Hexcel Composites France. The presence of thermoplastics enhances the risk of matrix degradation during curing. Effectively, in these kinds of polymers blends (when thermoplastic content > 10 wt %) phase separation may occur and modify the reaction rates. Beside the determination of the prepreg cure kinetics (studied by DSC), a Time Temperature Transformation diagram was settled. Consequently, the M21 matrix degradation was studied from room temperature up to 600 °C by TGA for heating rates ranging from 1 up to 100°C/min.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modelling of the thermokinetic behaviour and the phases transitions of a carbon/polymeric composite submitted to high heating rate ramps

2010

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“…The power of the non-dimensional approach lies in its ability to represent a wide range of different cases in a unified manner, thereby allowing for a generalized process modeling instead of a system-specific or product thickness-specific modeling as in References [3,11]. Despite this advantage, the process modeling studies in the literature have been carried out in terms of dimensional variables.…”

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confidence: 98%

“…Selection of the appropriate cure cycle has historically been by &dquo;trial-anderror.&dquo; Over the last decade, however, many studies have been directed towards numerically and experimentally modeling composite manufacturing processes in an attempt to systematically assess the effects of various candidate cure cycles and other process variables on curing [2][3][4]6]. Some of the studies employ empirical models for the cure reaction kinetics [2][3][4][5], while others have taken a more fundamental approach to modeling the resin cure kinetics [6][7][8][9].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some of the studies employ empirical models for the cure reaction kinetics [2][3][4][5], while others have taken a more fundamental approach to modeling the resin cure kinetics [6][7][8][9]. All of the above-mentioned investigations in the literature have focused on complete curing, and are restricted to specific resin-initiator systems and product thicknesses.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cure refers to an irreversible exothermic chemical reaction by which the composite lay-up is transformed from a soft, multi-layered mixture of fibers and resin, to a hard structural component. If the cure reaction is completed only partially (typically 40-60% [1]), the composites attain a flexible semi-tacky state, and are called &dquo;prepregs.&dquo; Laminated composites used widely in the aerospace industry and in other applications are fabricated by stacking the prepregs to the desired thickness and shape, and subsequently curing them in an autoclave [2,3]. A continuous manufacturing process, such as pultrusion, allows for a low cost and high volume production of composites.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Non-Dimensional Analysis of an Idealized Thermoset Composites Manufacture

Pitchumani

Yao

1993

Journal of Composite Materials

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Modeling the cure of thermoset composites has been the subject of many investigations in the literature. However, the studies have focused on specific composite systems and product specifications. Consequently, extending the results based on one combination of process and product parameters to another is not obvious, and the choice of cure cycles in practice remains predominantly heuristic-based. This work presents a generalized analysis of the cure, based on an idealized expression for the cure kinetics, in terms of four dimensionless groups formed of the process and product parameters— the Damkohler number ( K o ), the dimensionless activation energy (E o ), the adiabatic reaction temperature (B o ) and the Biot number (Bi). The non-dimensional approach reduces the large number of process and product variables involved, to the few dimensionless groups, and eliminates the need for a system-specific or product-specific modeling. Further, the article addresses the problem of selecting the best cure cycles for achieving a desired product quality. With regard to the manufacture of partially cured composite systems, optimal cure cycles which yield a homogeneous cure in the product, in the minimum possible time, are obtained as a function of the non-dimensional parameters. Design plots for the optimal cure temperature and duration are presented, and their use in practical situations is illustrated in the context of a commercially available graphite-epoxy prepreg from Hercules, which is widely used in the aerospace industry.

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Temperature Evolution During Processing of Thick‐Walled Anionic Polyamide 6 Composites: Experiment and Simulation

Teuwen

Geenen

Bersee

2012

Macro Materials & Eng

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A 1‐D through‐the‐thickness transient heat transfer model is built to simulate the curing process of thick‐walled glass‐fibre‐reinforced anionic polyamide‐6 (APA‐6) composites. The temperature and the degree of polymerisation through the thickness of the composite are calculated and compared to the experimentally obtained results. The kinetic models describing the polymerisation behaviour of APA‐6 are implemented in the model. The kinetic model not taking into account the convection in the polymerisation process shows the best results. It is found that the predicted temperature profiles agree well with the experimental data. magnified image

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Fast cures for thick laminated organic matrix composites

Cited by 39 publications

References 5 publications

Modelling of the thermokinetic behaviour and the phases transitions of a carbon/polymeric composite submitted to high heating rate ramps

Modelling of the thermokinetic behaviour and the phases transitions of a carbon/polymeric composite submitted to high heating rate ramps

Non-Dimensional Analysis of an Idealized Thermoset Composites Manufacture

Temperature Evolution During Processing of Thick‐Walled Anionic Polyamide 6 Composites: Experiment and Simulation

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