Modelling of the thermokinetic behaviour and the phases transitions of a carbon/polymeric composite submitted to high heating rate ramps

Paris, Christophe; Olivier, Philippe; Bernhart, Gérard

doi:10.1007/s12289-010-0851-8

Cited by 6 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Thermogravimetric Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopic (TG-FTIR) measurements identified H 2 O, PA6, phenol, CH 4 , COS and CO as the main species released 3 . Supporting the earlier evidence, previous work reported a melting peak at 190 °C attributed to the melting of a thermoplastic element of the matrix 16 .…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 66%

“…Studies investigating the thermal decomposition of carbon fibre epoxy composites have been reported in the literature comprising the use of pyrolysis and thermogravimetric (TG) 8,9 measurements coupled with gas analysers, such as Fourier Transformed Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) 3,10,11 or Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) 12,13 ; cone calorimetry used to evaluate the mass loss of the material throughout the test and where CO and CO 2 concentrations are measured in the exhaust duct 14,15 ; and the modelling of the thermodynamic properties and/or kinetic behaviour 16,17 has been considered.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Instrumentation for quantitative analysis of volatile compounds emission at elevated temperatures. Part 2: Analysis of carbon fibre reinforced epoxy composite

Lourenço

Francis

Fowler

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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optical cavity (analyte gas) consisting of three highly reflective mirrors which provides an effective optical pathlength of several kilometres. A photodetector is situated behind the last mirror, measuring the light intensity and specifically its energy decay is measured as a function of time, known as "ringdown". The ringdown time acts as a sensitive measure of optical absorption and profiles are transformed into an absorption spectrum, an example of which is shown in Fig. 3 (A). Gas concentration is determined by a multi-parameter fit to an absorption line shape 38. The technique is known to have negligible cross-sensitivity to other gases as a result of the high spectral resolution employed. Ambient air stabilisation was allowed prior to analysis. The sensor system exhaust duct was connected to the sampling inlet of the Picarro spectrometer, and exhaust gases were then safely vented into the fume cupboard. Calibrated gas concentrations expressed in parts-per-million (ppm) were drawn for CO measurement.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 66%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Instrumentation for quantitative analysis of volatile compounds emission at elevated temperatures. Part 2: Analysis of carbon fibre reinforced epoxy composite

Lourenço

Francis

Fowler

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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“…An applied force of 0.05 N was considered during the measurement and the heating rate was set to 5 • C/min. The thickness of the sample was approximately 2.88 mm and the temperature ramped from 30 • C to 200 • C. The temperature range was initially chosen to be in the compatible zone with generic aerospace grade epoxy resin systems such as Hexcel HexPly®M21E/IMA [27][28][29]. M21E resin used for structural PMCs, has a complex formulation that includes three types of epoxy, a hardener, and two thermoplastic polymers and has been involved in a number of studies [30].…”

Section: Volume Changementioning

confidence: 99%

Elastomer Characterization Method for Trapped Rubber Processing

2020

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The increasing high-volume demand for polymer matrix composites (PMCs) brings into focus the need for autoclave alternative processing. Trapped rubber processing (TRP) of PMCs is a method capable of achieving high pressures during polymer matrix composite processing by utilizing thermally induced volume change of a nearly incompressible material inside a closed cavity mold. Recent advances in rubber materials and computational technology have made this processing technique more attractive. Elastomers can be doped with nanoparticles to increase thermal conductivity and this can be further tailored for local variations in thermal conductivity for TRP. In addition, recent advances in computer processing allow for simulation of coupled thermomechanical processes for full part modeling. This study presents a method of experimentally characterizing prospective rubber materials. The experiments are designed to characterize the dynamic in situ change in temperature, the dynamic change in volume, and the resulting real-time change in surface pressure. The material characterization is specifically designed to minimize the number and difficulty of experimental tests while fully capturing the rubber behavior for the TRP scenario. The experimental characterization was developed to provide the necessary data for accurate thermomechanical material models of nearly incompressible elastomeric polymers for use in TRP virtual design and optimization.Polymers 2020, 12, 686 2 of 13 based process design methodology. It is clear that numerical process models are required for TRP processing design. A well characterized rubber material model can then be used in conjunction with existing process modeling methods [10]. Recent advances in technology have made the TRP processing technique achievable for complex shapes and high-volume production. Extensive research in the computer electronics industry has developed a number of elastomers with high thermal conductivity. This increase in thermal conductivity is generally achieved by using nanoscale metallic additives [11].It is well known that the through-thickness degree of cure or crystallinity gradients cause non-thermoelastic residual stresses during PMC manufacturing [10]. Through-thickness cure gradients are exacerbated primarily by two mechanisms. One is the rate of thermal loading and the other is the thickness of the composite preform. High throughput automated PMC manufacturing can require high-temperature curing, but sharp distortions are intensified by increasing the processing temperature range [12,13]. In-plane residual stresses can be further intensified by increasing the thickness of the composite preform [14][15][16][17][18]. It is more efficient for thick parts, to processes the component in a single cycle, but typically multiple cycles are used to processes parts greater than the recommended thickness ranges due to the severity of cure gradient, residual stresses, and other phenomena [18]. Nano-additives can be exploited to customize the thermal conductivity of the TRP materi...

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“…In our on-going work using optimized (in frequency) electrical impendence measurements shows that the material exhibits its smart behavior as it becomes this way a sensor of its own physical state. Therefore, this means that provided the material is correctly interrogated it behaves as a sensor of phase changes [102] as illustrated in Figure 1.…”

Section: A Few Words About Curing High Performances Thermoset Matrix mentioning

confidence: 99%

Carbon fibres reinforced composites. Electrical impedance analysis: a gateway to smartness

Marguerès

Olivier

Mounkaila

et al. 2020

International Journal of Smart and Nano Materials

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For more than 7 years, our research work is focussed upon the electrical behavior of carbon fiber reinforced composites. Effectively carbon/polymeric matrix laminates can be considered as an electrically conductive network (i.e. carbon fibers) embedded in an insulating medium (i.e. the polymeric matrix). Consequently, from an electrical point of view laminated composites have been modelled owing to combinations of electrical resistances (i.e. fibers themselves and the contact points between the fibers) and capacitances (i.e. polymeric matrix). During their manufacturing, composite material such as thermoset matrix composites for instance, undergo various changes in their physical (including electrical and mechanical) properties and in their geometrical characteristics. In fact, in the case of manufacturing processes such as oven curing (vacuum bag), autoclave curing or heating plate press, beside the chemo-rheological changes, the laminated parts are the place of a compaction phenomenon inducing changes in fiber volume fraction and thicknesses. The idea developed in this paper is that since the carbon/ polymeric matrix laminate can be considered as an electrical network, it can then be view and used as a sensor for following the material state during the manufacturing process enabling thus defects to be detected and this without any additional sensing material or device.

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Modelling of the thermokinetic behaviour and the phases transitions of a carbon/polymeric composite submitted to high heating rate ramps

Cited by 6 publications

References 13 publications

Instrumentation for quantitative analysis of volatile compounds emission at elevated temperatures. Part 2: Analysis of carbon fibre reinforced epoxy composite

Instrumentation for quantitative analysis of volatile compounds emission at elevated temperatures. Part 2: Analysis of carbon fibre reinforced epoxy composite

Elastomer Characterization Method for Trapped Rubber Processing

Carbon fibres reinforced composites. Electrical impedance analysis: a gateway to smartness

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