Evaluation of Liquid and Vapor Penetration of Sprays from a Multi-Hole Gasoline Fuel Injector Operating Under Engine-Like Conditions

Parrish, Scott

doi:10.4271/2014-01-1409

Cited by 48 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Thus, validation at multiple conditions is more challenging and is a better demonstration that the key underlying physics are being correctly modeled, compared to validation at a single condition where a good result can usually be achieved by optimizing model constants. In this section, the EP model is validated against experiments by Parrish at GM [10], at 18 operating conditions, as shown in Figure 5. Three ambient densities were targeted, with temperatures varying from 400 K to 900 K. The GDI nozzle used here is also an eight-hole counter-bore injector, similar to the ECN Spray G injector, but has a larger L/D ratio of 1.8 and narrower plume direction of 25°.…”

Section: Gm Gdimentioning

confidence: 99%

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Application of an Equilibrium-Phase Spray Model to Multicomponent Gasoline Direct Injection

Yue

Reitz

2019

Energy Fuels

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An Equilibrium Phase (EP) spray model has been recently proposed for modeling high-pressure diesel fuel injection, which is based on jet theory and a phase equilibrium assumption. In this approach, the non-equilibrium processes of drop breakup, collision and surface vaporization are neglected, assuming that spray vaporization is a mixing-controlled equilibrium process. A liquid-jet model and a gas-jet model are also introduced to improve grid-independency. In the current study, the EP model is applied in simulations of multi-hole gasoline direct injection (GDI). The model is validated at ambient densities from 3 to 9 kg/m 3 and ambient temperatures from 400 K to 900 K, for two different GDI injectors, i.e. the Engine Combustion Network (ECN) Spray G injector and a GM injector. Iso-octane is used as the surrogate in consistency with available experiments. The results show good agreement in terms of liquid/vapor penetration, shape of the vapor envelope, and the velocity evolution along the injector centerline. Then, a 10-component gasoline surrogate fuel is used to demonstrate the capability of this model for multi-component spray simulations, which is essential for engine combustion and emission predictions.

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Section: Gm Gdimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Similar accuracy can be found in the simulation results for 500 K and 900 K cases. Figure 6 Comparisons of experiment [10] and simulations for liquid and vapor envelopes at 700 K conditions. The liquid and vapor penetrations are plotted as line graphs in Figure 7.…”

Section: Gm Gdimentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of an Equilibrium-Phase Spray Model to Multicomponent Gasoline Direct Injection

Yue

Reitz

2019

Energy Fuels

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“…Specifically, the concept of direct injection (DI) applied to SI engines is to this day studied with renewed interest [1,2,3] because it allows for reduction of knock effects, better coldstart performances and overall higher efficiency. However, since full outer spray angle values for gasoline direct injection (GDI) sprays are narrower compared to diesel jets (from 60° to 90° compared to the 140°-160° range of diesels [4]), it was necessary to carry out experimental works to study the effects of the GDI spray evolution on fuel consumption and pollutant emissions [5] under both non-evaporating [6] and engine-like conditions [7,8,9]. Factors affecting the spray collapse [10,11] as well as f lash boiling phenomena [12,13] were also investigated.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…During the years, different CFD simulations were performed on the Spray G geometry, proposing detailed modeling of the internal nozzle flow [14] under both flashing and non-flashing conditions [15,16,17]. Furthermore, LES simulations were deployed for the injection modeling [18] and they were also coupled with DNS investigation of the spray near-nozzle primary break-up [19], while effects of ambient temperature and ambient density on plume interaction and vaporization were experimentally investigated [4,10,20], providing a consistent dataset for the most recent available RANS and LES numerical validations [21].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Combined Experimental and Numerical Investigation of the ECN Spray G under Different Engine-Like Conditions

Paredi¹,

Lucchini²,

D’Errico³

et al. 2018

SAE Technical Paper Series

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A detailed understanding of Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) techniques applied to spark-ignition (SI) engines is necessary as they allow for many technical advantages such as increased power output, higher fuel efficiency and better cold start performances. Within this context, the extensive validation of multi-dimensional models against experimental data is a fundamental task in order to achieve an accurate reproduction of the physical phenomena characterizing the injected fuel spray. In this work, simulations of different Engine Combustion Network (ECN) Spray G conditions were performed with the Lib-ICE code, which is based on the open source OpenFOAM technology, by using a RANS Eulerian-Lagrangian approach to model the ambient gas-fuel spray interaction. Foremost, the main scope of the activity was to identify the most accurate numerical setup in terms of atomization ad secondary break-up models, thanks to a validation of the computed results against experimental data available for the ECN Spray G baseline condition. Specifically, attention was focused on spray penetration along with an analysis of spray morphology and effects of plume-to-plume interaction. Afterwards, the reference setup was tested and validated under different operating conditions, characterized by detailed experimental measurements specifically provided for this work. In particular, Mie scattering and Schlieren techniques allowed the quasi-simultaneous acquisition of both vapor and liquid penetrations, while a customized imageprocessing procedure, developed in Matlab environment, was used for the outline of the spray contours of both fuel phases to measure the parameters characterizing the jet development. A robust reference numerical setup was identified, capable to reproduce with good accuracy the injection process of a multi-hole GDI spray under the wide range of tested operating conditions. COMBINED EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION OF THE ECN SPRAY G

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“…State of the art line-of-sight measurements are shadowgraphic or scattering methods, providing time-resolved measurement of spray vapor and liquid envelope (Parrish 2014). Injector rotation to produce different plume orientation permits measurement of different envelope along the line of sight, but provides less information about individual plumes, especially those overlapping along the line of sight.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of limited-view tomography for measurement of Spray G plume direction and liquid volume fraction

et al. 2020

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The method for direct injection of fuel in the cylinder of an IC engines is important to high-efficiency and low-emission performance. Optical spray diagnostics plays an important role in understanding plume movement and interaction for multihole injectors, and providing baseline understanding used for computational optimization of fuel delivery. Traditional planar or line-of-sight diagnostics fail to capture the liquid distribution because of optical thickness concerns. This work proposes a high-speed (67 kHz) extinction imaging technique at various injector rotations coupled to computed tomography (CT) for time-resolved reconstruction of liquid volume fraction in three dimensions. The number of views selected and processing were based on synthetic (modeled) liquid volume fraction data where extinction and CT adequately reconstructed each plume. The exercise showed that for an 8-hole, symmetric-design injector (ECN Spray G), only three different views are enough to reproduce the direction of each plume, and particularly the mean plume direction. Therefore, the number of views was minimized for experiments to save expense. Measurements applying this limited-view technique confirm plume-plume variations also detected with mechanical patternation, while providing better spatial and temporal resolution than achieved previously. Uncertainties due to the limited view within pressurized spray chambers, the droplet size, and optically thick regions are discussed.

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Evaluation of Liquid and Vapor Penetration of Sprays from a Multi-Hole Gasoline Fuel Injector Operating Under Engine-Like Conditions

Cited by 48 publications

References 18 publications

Application of an Equilibrium-Phase Spray Model to Multicomponent Gasoline Direct Injection

Application of an Equilibrium-Phase Spray Model to Multicomponent Gasoline Direct Injection

Combined Experimental and Numerical Investigation of the ECN Spray G under Different Engine-Like Conditions

Development of limited-view tomography for measurement of Spray G plume direction and liquid volume fraction

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