Elemental Analogues of Graphene: Silicene, Germanene, Stanene, and Phosphorene

Abstract

The fascinating electronic and optoelectronic properties of free-standing graphene has led to the exploration of alternative two-dimensional materials that can be easily integrated with current generation of electronic technologies. In contrast to 2D oxide and dichalcogenides, elemental 2D analogues of graphene, which include monolayer silicon (silicene), are fast emerging as promising alternatives, with predictions of high degree of integration with existing technologies. This article reviews this emerging class of 2D elemental materials - silicene, germanene, stanene, and phosphorene--with emphasis on fundamental properties and synthesis techniques. The need for further investigations to establish controlled synthesis techniques and the viability of such elemental 2D materials is highlighted. Future prospects harnessing the ability to manipulate the electronic structure of these materials for nano- and opto-electronic applications are identified.

Diffusive nature of thermal transport in stanene

“…Two-dimensional (2D) group IV materials, such as graphene, silicene, and germanene, have attracted great attention, because of their novel properties [1][2][3][4][5][6] and potential application in nanoelctronic devices 1,[6][7][8][9][10] . Recently, a new 2D material from the same group, called stanene (monolayer of tin atoms), has garnered interest due to outstanding properties such as topological superconductivity 11 and room temperature quantum anomalous Hall (QAH) effect 12 .…”

First-principles study of two-dimensional van der Waals heterojunctions

“…There already have been many review articles [26][27][28][29][30][31][32] for the research on 2D materials over the past several years.…”

2D Black Phosphorus: from Preparation to Applications for Electrochemical Energy Storage

“…The exfoliation process generally consists of three steps: (1) immersion into solvent, (2) ultrasonication, and (3) purification ( Figure 8 a) 83, 101. The selection of the optimum solvent plays a key role in utilizing the full potential of this technique.…”

“…The specific merits of BP from graphene and other 2D materials such as direct band gap (from −0.3 to 2.0 eV) which is highly tunable with number of layers, strong in‐plane anisotropy, and puckered layer. Although a few reviews on 2D BP have been published,30, 38, 56, 57, 77, 80, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90 previous sporadic studies on 2D BP in energy storage systems have not been systematically presented. Thus, a comprehensive overview on the state of 2D BP research for EESDs is significant.…”