“…A more promising welding technology which can solve this problem is the isothermal superplastic solid-state welding method, which does not have a vacuum or shield gas. This method has several advantages, such as its simple process, low cost, and high quality, which makes for solid bonding between the heterogeneous and/or dissimilar materials [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ]. An external electrical field is known to be able to significantly influence the superplastic deformation and the distribution of vacancy concentration of different materials [ 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 ].…”