Coffee consumption and the risk of gastric cancer: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies

Abstract

BackgroundSeveral observational studies suggest that coffee consumption may be associated with an increased risk of gastric cancer, but the results are inconsistent. We conducted a meta-analysis to evaluate the relationship of coffee consumption with gastric cancer risk and quantify the dose–response relationship between them.MethodsRelevant prospective studies were identified by a search of PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science to May 2015 and by reviewing the references of retrieved articles. Two independent reviewers extracted data and performed the quality assessment. A random-effects model was used to calculate the pooled risk estimates and 95 % confidence intervals (CI). The heterogeneity was assessed using the I2 statistic. Publication bias was assessed by using funnel plot, the Begg test and the Egger test.ResultsThirteen prospective cohort studies with 20 independent reports involving 3,368 patients with gastric cancer and 1,372,811 participants during a follow-up period ranging from 4.3–8 years were included. Compared with the lowest consumption level of coffee, the pooled relative risk (RR) was 1.13 (95 % CI: 0.94–1.35). The dose–response analysis indicated that, the RR of gastric cancer was 1.03 (95 % CI; 0.95–1.11) for per 3 cups/day of coffee consumption. Any nonlinear association of gastric cancer risk with coffee consumption was not found (P for nonlinearity = 0.68). Subgroup analyses indicated that the pooled RR for participants from the United States comparing the highest with the lowest coffee consumption was 1.36 (95 % CI, 1.06–1.75, I2 = 0 %). In addition, people with higher coffee consumption was associated with 25 % higher risk of gastric cancer in equal to or less than 10 years follow-up group (RR = 1.25; 95 % CI, 1.01–1.55, I2 = 0 %). Visual inspection of a funnel plot and the Begg’s and the Egger’s tests did not indicate evidence of publication bias.ConclusionsThis meta-analysis does not support the hypothesis that coffee consumption is associated with the risk of gastric cancer. The increased risk of gastric cancer for participants from the United States and equal to or less than 10 years follow-up group associated with coffee consumption warrant further studies.

Guidelines for endoscopic diagnosis of early gastric cancer

“…Although some researchers have a negative view of the relationship between smoking and an increased risk of gastric cancer, 56 others have an affirmative view, 57,58 and the IARC refers to smoking as a carcinogen with sufficient evidence. Three meta‐analyses on the intake of coffee and risk of gastric cancer showed inconsistent results: one suggested that the intake of coffee is related to a decrease in the risk of gastric cancer, 59 another showed no correlation, 60 and the remaining one showed no correlation but suggested involvement in an increased risk of gastric cardiac cancer 61 . Similar results were obtained for the intake of green tea.…”

Coffee Consumption and Its Inverse Relationship with Gastric Cancer: An Ecological Study

“…Coffee is one of the most popular beverages worldwide and contains hundreds of biologically active phytochemicals, including many with antioxidant activity. Therefore, the relationships between coffee drinking and the incidence/mortality of cancer have been studied, especially in the gastrointestinal tract [ 10 ]. Thus, the potential role of coffee drinking in gastric cancer remains under study.…”

Coffee, Caffeine, and Health Outcomes: An Umbrella Review

“…However, none of these studies clearly reported an exposure dose; thus the results can be interpreted only generically for high coffee intake compared with low intake or no consumption. The variation in effects by the dose of coffee or caffeine was evaluated in 25 nonoverlapping meta-analyses testing for linear association with 39 outcomes (8, 18, 21, 25, 28, 32, 34, 38, 39, 49, 55, 68, 69, 76-79, 83, 84, 104, 127, 134, 151, 153) (see Supplemental Figure 1) and 16 using a nonlinear dose-response meta-analysis of 24 outcomes (26,29,34,39,52,53,61,67,92,103,111,120,126,129,148,154) (Figure 4). Meta-analyses of liver (8), breast (69), endometrial (153), skin (melanoma) (78), colon (34), and prostate (151) cancers; all-cause mortality (49) and mortality from cardiovascular disease (CVD) (84); Parkinson's disease (25); depression; type-2 diabetes (28); cirrhosis (55); and chronic liver disease (8) reported significantly decreased risks for the incremental intake of coffee from 1 to 4 cups/day (depending on the study reference); and significantly decreased risks were also reported for endometrial cancer (153), Parkinson's disease (25), depression (39), atrial fibrillation (21), and type-2 diabetes (28) for incremental intake of 100 to 300 ml/day of caffeine (depending on the study reference) (Supplemental Figure 1).…”

“…In contrast, metaanalyses conducted for colorectal, colon and rectal cancers (33-35, 50, 65, 141); breast cancer (52,69,119,141); and pancreatic cancer (31,96,104,123,141) showed differences in the statistical significance of the effects, but not in the direction. Moreover, increments in statistical significance or changes in the direction of the association were found in meta-analyses of oral or laryngeal cancer (16,98,124), atrial fibrillation (caffeine exposure) (14,21), gastric cancer (3,27,67,76,112,135,136,143), bladder cancer (43,134,141,154), and Alzheimer's disease and cognitive disorders (caffeine exposure) (58, 79, 109) (Supplemental Table 1).…”