Cleaner production of polyurethane foam: Replacement of conventional raw materials, assessment of fire resistance and environmental impact

Kairytė, Agnė; Kirpļuks, Miķelis; Ivdre, Aiga; Cābulis, Uģis; Vaitkus, Saulius; Pundienė, Ina

doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.02.164

Cited by 52 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…The highest amount after fire retardancy test is observed for Si and Ca elements which are assigned for SiO 2 and CaCO 3 , respectively, in WA particles. These compounds are proved to have a positive effect on flame retardancy of PU foams [18,60]. Therefore, the obtained results confirm that the WA particles act as a flame barrier.…”

Section: Flame Retardancy Of Pu and Wapu Foamssupporting

confidence: 67%

“…As the authors of [38] stated, this phenomenon can be due enhanced effect of thermal conductivity through the solid parts, in this case WA particles and thicker cell walls, as the cell size decreases under the same blowing agent contents. However, contrary results are observed in [18] when the thermal conductivity is tested 1 day after production. It is noticed that PU foams are characterized by aging, Polymers 2020, 12, 683 5 of 13 and therefore CO 2 molecules are replaced over time by air molecules.…”

Section: The Main Physical and Mechanical Properties Of Pu And Wapu Fmentioning

confidence: 72%

“…Unfortunately, when burnt halogenated compounds emit toxic smoke, thus polluting the environment and damaging human health. As environmental awareness develops, many halogen-free flame retardants have been used to improve the fire resistance of PU foams and their composites, e.g., phosphorus compounds [11][12][13], intumescent flame retardants [14,15], metal hydroxide [16,17], and waste-based and filler-type additives [18,19]. Some of the waste-based and filler-type additives consist of inorganic particles that can act as a flame spread barrier and improve fire resistance characteristics, such as heat release rate, as well as shift towards higher thermal degradation temperature [20].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Fire Suppression and Thermal Behavior of Biobased Rigid Polyurethane Foam Filled with Biomass Incineration Waste Ash

et al. 2020

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Currently, there is great demand to implement circular economy principles and motivate producers of building materials to integrate into a closed loop supply chain system and improve sustainability of their end-product. Therefore, it is of great interest to replace conventional raw materials with inorganic or organic waste-based and filler-type additives to promote sustainability and the close loop chain. This article investigates the possibility of bottom waste incineration ash (WA) particles to be used as a flame retardant replacement to increase fire safety and thermal stability under higher temperatures. From 10 wt.% to 50 wt.% WA particles do not significantly deteriorate performance characteristics, such as compressive strength, thermal conductivity, and water absorption after 28 days of immersion, and at 32 • C WA particles improve the thermal stability of resultant PU foams. Furthermore, 50 wt.% WA particles reduce average heat release by 69% and CO 2 and CO yields during fire by 76% and 77%, respectively. Unfortunately, WA particles do not act as a smoke suppressant and do not reduce smoke release rate.

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Section: Flame Retardancy Of Pu and Wapu Foamssupporting

confidence: 67%

Section: The Main Physical and Mechanical Properties Of Pu And Wapu Fmentioning

confidence: 72%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Fire Suppression and Thermal Behavior of Biobased Rigid Polyurethane Foam Filled with Biomass Incineration Waste Ash

et al. 2020

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“…Hard segments are derived from diisocyanate and short-chain diols [ 94 ]. Thermal stability of the polyurethane material is influenced by changing the ratio of the hard segments to soft segments [ 95 ]. Polyurethane films were obtained from tall oil amide and ester type polyols that contained a different amount of RA.…”

Section: The Use Of Tall Oilmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Wood Biomass-Based Fatty Acids and Rosin Acids Use in Polymeric Materials

et al. 2020

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In recent decades, vegetable oils as a potential replacement for petrochemical materials have been extensively studied. Tall oil (crude tall oil, distilled tall oil, tall oil fatty acids, and rosin acids) is a good source to be turned into polymeric materials. Unlike vegetable oils, tall oil is considered as lignocellulosic plant biomass waste and is considered to be the second-generation raw material, thus it is not competing with the food and feed chain. The main purpose of this review article is to identify in what kind of polymeric materials wood biomass-based fatty acids and rosin acids have been applied and their impact on the properties.

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“…ETOFA_TMP bio-polyol based rigid PU foam comparison with other materials. Data were taken from A. Kairyte et al[68]; 2 Data were taken from A. Ivdre et al[59];3 Data were taken from A. Septevani et al[69];4 Data were taken from Elastospray 1622/6 BASF technical datasheet[70];5 Data were taken from S. Czlonka et al[71].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

High Functionality Bio-Polyols from Tall Oil and Rigid Polyurethane Foams Formulated Solely Using Bio-Polyols

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High-quality rigid polyurethane (PU) foam thermal insulation material has been developed solely using bio-polyols synthesized from second-generation bio-based feedstock. High functionality bio-polyols were synthesized from cellulose production side stream—tall oil fatty acids by oxirane ring-opening as well as esterification reactions with different polyfunctional alcohols, such as diethylene glycol, trimethylolpropane, triethanolamine, and diethanolamine. Four different high functionality bio-polyols were combined with bio-polyol obtained from tall oil esterification with triethanolamine to develop rigid PU foam formulations applicable as thermal insulation material. The developed formulations were optimized using response surface modeling to find optimal bio-polyol and physical blowing agent: c-pentane content. The optimized bio-based rigid PU foam formulations delivered comparable thermal insulation properties to the petro-chemical alternative.

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Cleaner production of polyurethane foam: Replacement of conventional raw materials, assessment of fire resistance and environmental impact

Cited by 52 publications

References 23 publications

Fire Suppression and Thermal Behavior of Biobased Rigid Polyurethane Foam Filled with Biomass Incineration Waste Ash

Fire Suppression and Thermal Behavior of Biobased Rigid Polyurethane Foam Filled with Biomass Incineration Waste Ash

A Review of Wood Biomass-Based Fatty Acids and Rosin Acids Use in Polymeric Materials

High Functionality Bio-Polyols from Tall Oil and Rigid Polyurethane Foams Formulated Solely Using Bio-Polyols

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