Chemical Synthesis of Polypyrrole Nanotubes for Neural Microelectrodes

Kojabad, Zohreh Deljoo; Shojaosadati, Seyed Abbas

doi:10.1016/j.mspro.2015.11.014

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Generally, conductive polymers are conductive in nature due to the existence of a conjugated electron or alternating single bond and double bond system in its chemical structure, because of this unique chemical property, the attention of many researchers and scientists from different research disciplines both in academics and industries around the world has been attracted [4,5]. PPy has been actively used in many potential applications such as electronic devices, sensors, batteries, microactuators, antielectrostatic coatings, and biomedical [6][7][8][9][10], and it has been synthesized and prepared by using different techniques such as electrochemical [11,12] or chemical oxidation of pyrrole monomer [13,14] in various organic solvents and in aqueous media.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis and Characterization of Conductive Polypyrrole: The Influence of the Oxidants and Monomer on the Electrical, Thermal, and Morphological Properties

Yussuf

Al‐Saleh

Al-Enezi

et al. 2018

International Journal of Polymer Science

171

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Conductive polymer, polypyrrole (PPy), was synthesized by chemical oxidative polymerization technique for a period of four hours at room temperature using pyrrole monomer (mPPy) in aqueous solution. Different oxidants such as ferric chloride (FeCl 3 ) and ammonium persulphate (N 2 H 8 S 2 O 8 ) and surfactant sodium dodecyl sulphate (C 12 H 25 NaO 4 S) were used. The produced PPy samples were characterized by using different techniques such as the electrical resistivity by four probe technique, thermogravimetry analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The performance of the oxidants has been investigated and compared. It was found that both oxidants, FeCl 3 and N 2 H 8 S 2 O 8 , have decreased electrical resistivity as a function of temperature, which means increased conductivity. However, FeCl 3 has achieved better performance than N 2 H 8 S 2 O 8 , where it has achieved a lower resistivity of about 60 ohms at room temperature, which indicates higher conductivity of PPy samples with FeCl 3 as an oxidant. Similarly, further investigation of FeCl 3 oxidant has been conducted by varying its concentration, and its influence on the final properties was reported. It has been observed that the morphology of PPy samples has a significant influence on the conductivity. It was found that 0.1 M and 0.05 M concentrations of FeCl 3 oxidant and monomer, respectively, have achieved better thermal stability, which is FeCl 3 /mPPy ratio of 2 as an optimum value. FTIR and XRD results confirmed the structural formation of polypyrrole from pyrrole monomer during the synthesizing process.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis and Characterization of Conductive Polypyrrole: The Influence of the Oxidants and Monomer on the Electrical, Thermal, and Morphological Properties

Yussuf

Al‐Saleh

Al-Enezi

et al. 2018

International Journal of Polymer Science

171

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“…Surface modification of neural electrodes with nanostructured conductive materials can create a large active surface area, which enables neural recording/stimulation with exceptional spatiotemporal resolution and provides multiple channels of electrical, chemical, and mechanical information at the subcellular level. , However, direct polymerization of conductive polymers from aqueous solution using Cl – , ClO 4 – , tetrafluoroborate (TFB), or sodium poly(styrene sulfonate) (PSS) as the dopant usually generates compact polymer films with limited active surface area. − To produce nanostructured conductive polymers, rigid or soft templates are usually required, which adds up the complicity of electrode fabrication and chance to incorporate unwanted chemicals. ,− The nature of the solvent has a great effect on the morphology, conductivity, electrolytic activity, and other chemical/physical properties of the electrochemically synthesized polymers. , Due to the low solubility of 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) in aqueous solution, organic solvents are frequently used to dissolve EDOT for the preparation of PEDOT coatings. , Chiang et al found that better electrical conductivity, electroactivity, and reversibility of ionic transfer could be obtained when a high-polarity solvent (dimethyl sulfoxide, DMSO), which enhances charge hopping in the polymer, was used during the polymerization of EDOT . Many studies have shown that conductive polymer films prepared from dichloromethane, a solvent having similar polarity to DMSO, exhibit a much rough surface with clusters of granules in a micrometer scale, no matter what kind of supporting electrolyte is used, while those prepared from water, propylene carbonate, ionic liquid, or other common solvents showed more compact and flat morphology. ,,, Besides the solvent, the supporting electrolyte also affects the morphology, electroactivity, stability, and the electrochromic features of conductive polymers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanostructured PEDOT Coatings for Electrode–Neuron Integration

Zhang

Tian

Duan

et al. 2021

ACS Appl. Bio Mater.

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Neural electrodes have been developed for the diagnosis and treatment of stroke, sensory deficits, and neurological disorders based on the electrical stimulation of nerve tissue and recording of neural electrical activity. A low interface impedance and large active surface area for charge transfer and intimate contact between neurons and the electrode are critical to obtain high-quality neural signal and effective stimulation without causing damage to both tissue and electrode. In this study, a nanostructured poly(3,4ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) coating with lots of long protrusions was created via a one-step electrochemical polymerization from a dichloromethane solution without any rigid or soft templates. The nanostructures on the PEDOT coating were basically formed by intertwined PEDOT nanofibers, which further enhanced the active surface area. The fuzzy PEDOT-modified microelectrodes exhibited an impedance as low as 1 kΩ at 1 kHz, which is much lower than those produced from aqueous 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) solution, and it was comparable with PEDOT films or composites created from/ with template materials. Also, more than 150 times larger charge storage capacity density was obtained compared to the unmodified microelectrode. An in vitro biocompatibility test performed on PC12 cells and primary cells suggested that the PEDOT coatings support cell adhesion, growth, and neurite extension. These results suggest the great potential of the nanostructured PEDOT coating as an electroactive and biosafe intimate contact between the implanted neural electrode and neurons.

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“…Due to these properties, π-conjugated polymers hold great promise for applications in electrochemical sensors, − light emitting devices, − supercapacitors, − and solar cells. ,− Polypyrrole is considered an especially promising material due to its relatively easy synthesis, high conductivity, and mechanical and chemical stability. Polypyrrole can be produced chemically − and electrochemically. − In both cases, the polymerization process is initiated by the oxidized form of the monomer.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polypyrrole Nanoparticles Doped with Fullerene Uniformly Distributed in the Polymeric Phase: Synthesis, Morphology, and Electrochemical Properties

et al. 2018

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Composites of polypyrrole and fullerene C60 were prepared by the introduction of fullerene during polymerization of pyrrole initiated by the oxidation of pyrrole oligomers with C60. Composites were precipitated in the form of spherical particles, and their sizes ranged from 20 to 400 nm depending on the time of polymerization. Fullerene C60 nanocrystals with approximate size of 1 nm were uniformly distributed within the polymeric material. The amount of fullerene incorporated into polypyrrole depended on the C60 concentration in the solution used for the composite formation. An investigation of the composite using infrared spectroscopy indicated partial charge transfer between polypyrrole chains and fullerene nanocrystals. Such process was also confirmed by the theoretical investigation of electronic properties of composite. The composites were electrochemically active over a large potential window. At negative potentials, fullerene nanocrystals were reduced. In the positive potential range, polypyrrole chains were oxidized. Both processes were accompanied by complex ion transfer between supporting electrolyte solution and composite solid phase immobilized at the electrode surface.

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Chemical Synthesis of Polypyrrole Nanotubes for Neural Microelectrodes

Cited by 4 publications

References 11 publications

Synthesis and Characterization of Conductive Polypyrrole: The Influence of the Oxidants and Monomer on the Electrical, Thermal, and Morphological Properties

Synthesis and Characterization of Conductive Polypyrrole: The Influence of the Oxidants and Monomer on the Electrical, Thermal, and Morphological Properties

Nanostructured PEDOT Coatings for Electrode–Neuron Integration

Polypyrrole Nanoparticles Doped with Fullerene Uniformly Distributed in the Polymeric Phase: Synthesis, Morphology, and Electrochemical Properties

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