Bacterial biofilm formation on implantable devices and approaches to its treatment and prevention

Abstract

In living organisms, biofilms are defined as complex communities of bacteria residing within an exopolysaccharide matrix that adheres to a surface. In the clinic, they are typically the cause of chronic, nosocomial, and medical device-related infections. Due to the antibiotic-resistant nature of biofilms, the use of antibiotics alone is ineffective for treating biofilm-related infections. In this review, we present a brief overview of concepts of bacterial biofilm formation, and current state-of-the-art therapeutic approaches for preventing and treating biofilms. Also, we have reviewed the prevalence of such infections on medical devices and discussed the future challenges that need to be overcome in order to successfully treat biofilms using the novel technologies being developed.

COVID-19: A Recommendation to Examine the Effect of Mouthrinses with β-Cyclodextrin Combined with Citrox in Preventing Infection and Progression

“…Oral microbiota comprises of commensal bacterial populations that sustain mutual benefits with the host and keep potentially pathogenic bacteria in balance through a number of negative feedback mechanisms. In the oral biofilm, these bacteria combine to make a barrier which resists to antibiotics, disinfectants, mechanical removal, and other stresses [14]. In addition, bacteria within biofilms have 1000 times more resistance to antibacterial treatments compared to planktonic microorganisms [15].…”

E. coli adhesion and biofilm formation on polydimethylsiloxane are independent of substrate stiffness

“…Microbial contamination of biomaterial surfaces underpins the pathogenesis of device-associated infections and constitutes an adverse event that compromises patient safety and material functionality. Device-associated infections are impressively resilient to antibiotic treatment alone, and thus in most cases, their management requires biomaterial removal, which increases the risk of patient morbidity and mortality and excess costs to the healthcare system 1 . Device-associated infections often precede other life-threating complications, including bacteremia, catheter-related bloodstream and urinary tract infections, and ventilator-associated pneumonia.…”

“…Infections associated with the use of implantable and prosthetic devices are responsible for about half of all nosocomial infections in the United States, and despite continued efforts in the field, device-associated infections are still the most prevalent cause of biomaterial failure 1 . Because of their abiotic and avascular nature, implantable and prosthetic devices can be quickly colonized by microorganisms that usually inhabit epithelial tissues and mucous membranes like the skin, periurethral area, and mouth 1,2 . Indeed, abiotic surfaces are colonized by 10,000 times less bacterial load than that needed to invade native tissues 1,3 .…”

“…Because of their abiotic and avascular nature, implantable and prosthetic devices can be quickly colonized by microorganisms that usually inhabit epithelial tissues and mucous membranes like the skin, periurethral area, and mouth 1,2 . Indeed, abiotic surfaces are colonized by 10,000 times less bacterial load than that needed to invade native tissues 1,3 . Once pathogenic microorganisms colonize the surface of biomaterials, they aggregate into microbial communities enclosed by extracellular polymeric substances known as a biofilm.…”

Anti-Biofilm Effects of Synthetic Antimicrobial Peptides Against Drug-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus Planktonic Cells and Biofilm

“…Infectious processes in biofilm are divided into two types, namely device-and non-device-associated infections [5]. Device-associated infections are caused by microbial colonization of medical devices such as urinary catheters, bone joints, heart valves, dental implants, prostheses, contact lenses, and endotracheal tubes [5][6][7][8][9][10]. The occurrence of nosocomial infections through biomaterials or implants is approximately 60-70%; of those, 720,000 cases of central line-associated bloodstream infections occur annually in the USA via dialysis and intensive care units with an associated 12% mortality and a $45,000 increase in treatment cost per episode [11].…”