Babesiosis: Appreciating the Pathophysiology and Diverse Sequela of the Infection

Ortíz, Juan Fernando; Millhouse, Paul W.; Cox, Álvaro Morillo; Campoverde, Leticia; Kaur, Arveen; Wirth, Martín; Atoot, Adam

doi:10.7759/cureus.11085

Cited by 6 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 27 publications

(43 reference statements)

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“…Hyperaggregation of erythrocytes in vivo ad oculi led to post-invasive formation of erythrocyte sludges, aggregates-microthrombi in the blood. Appearance of the latter in the microcirculatory bed inevitably caused complete or partial blockage of blood circulation in certain areas of the tissues of target organs, sharply reduced the number of actively functioning capillaries, arteriolo-venular anastomoses, contributed to the development of tissue hypoxia, atrophy, necrosis [12][13][14].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultramicroscopic Erythrocytes Profile as a Component of the Babesiosis Pathogenesis

Torianyk¹

2021

Wiad Lek

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The aim is to identify the ultramicroscopic features of the erythrocytes as a component of the babesiosis pathogenesis using scanning electronic microscopy. Materials and methods: Blood samples from 18 domestic dogs with clinically, microscopically, molecularly and genetically confirmed babesiosis served as the study material. The group of comparative control consisted of clinically healthy people (n=31) and domestic dogs (n=6). The method of scanning electron microscopy was used to study the spatial (three-dimensional coordinate system: the plane formed by the axes OX; OY; OZ) pathology of the size and shape of erythrocytes, microrelief of blood cells surfaces, membranopathies (raptures, macromolecules, conglomerates, micropores). The native peripheral blood smears of various origins were performed in accordance with the generally accepted method without fixation, staining/contrast. For this purpose, 0.01 ml of native blood was applied to the degreased surface of the metal platform (S=1 cm2), dried in the air of the laboratory premise, analyzed (× 2000), using the resources of the equipment (SEO-SEM Inspect S50-B; energy dispersive spectrometer AZtecOne with detector X-MaxN20 (Oxford Instruments plc, UC) and power source in the gun: tungsten cathode with thermoelectron emission. This scanning electron microscope made it possible to examine the object under conditions of accelerating voltage of 100 kV. The analysis of the obtained results was performed in comparison. Results: Under conditions of babesiosis development, the erythrocyte link of hematopoiesis responded by the reduction of the number of normocytes (99.0 % in clinically healthy people and domestic dogs, 77.3 % in dogs with babesiosis), increased of the number of regenerative forms of erythrocytes (1% in clinically healthy people and domestic dogs, 1,5 % in dogs with babesiosis), appearanced of degenerative forms of erythrocytes with characteristic pathology of cell size and shape, membranopathies (damage of the integrity of the membrane with the formation of defects). Conclusions: Changes of the ultramicroscopic erythrocytes profile is one of the leading component of the babesiosis pathogenesis. The use of scanning electronic microscopy helps to obtain ultramicroscopic data on the presence of extraerythrocytic forms of Babesia on the background of the impossibility of diagnosis of anisochromia with detailing of inclusions in erythrocytes.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultramicroscopic Erythrocytes Profile as a Component of the Babesiosis Pathogenesis

Torianyk¹

2021

Wiad Lek

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“…First of all, the pathogen destroys red blood cells. This leads to the development of hemolytic anemia, which results in most of the clinical symptoms of babesiosis (Azagi et al, 2021;Ortiz et al, 2020). Location Babesia spp.…”

Section: Different Types Of Pathogens Have Different Virulencementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The system of mononuclear phagocytes with the main function of protecting the body from invading agents is also activated. Indeed, mononuclear cells attack and destroy erythrocytes affected by babesia (Ortiz et al, 2020;Roopali et al, 2018). However, in the case of an autoimmune reaction, phagocytes will destroy completely healthy erythrocytes, which will greatly complicate the pathogenesis of the disease and the condition of the animal.…”

Section: Theoretical Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previous studies have shown that the toxic-allergic effects of Babesia spp. causes severe complications that primarily affect the microcirculatory tract of organs (Ortiz et al, 2020;Hildebrandt et al, 2021;Rodeghiero et al, 2019). The organs in which gas exchange and excretion of end products of metabolism (lungs and kidneys), and the liver, as the leading metabolic organ (Dubova et al, 2020;Levi, 2018), suffer the most.…”

Section: Theoretical Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Features of Hepatopathy and Hematological Complications in Acute Spontaneous Babesiosis of Dogs

Дубова¹,

Фещенко²,

Згозінська³

et al. 2022

Scientific Horizons

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Spontaneous babesiosis in dogs is one of the most common and dangerous diseases. Erythrocyte damage conditioned upon pathogens is a trigger for hematological complications and lesions of the microcirculatory tract. The development of thrombotic processes leads to irreversible changes and subsequent death of the organism. The liver is one of the first organs to suffer damage. The aim of the study was to identify the links between the pathogenesis of hepatopathy and hematological disorders in the course of acute spontaneous babesiosis in dogs. To achieve this, two groups of dogs of 20 individuals were formed: the experimental group – animals with babesiosis, the control group – clinically healthy. It is established that acute spontaneous babesiosis occurs in successive forms – anemic and jaundice. Normochromic anemia, leukocytosis, thrombocytopenia were detected. Hemorheological parameters indicate increased aggregation of erythrocytes and platelets, which led to thrombotic conditions. The criterion of shock is established – decrease in the volume of circulating blood; its deficiency was 24% for anemic and 34% for jaundice. Also identified markers of disseminated intravascular coagulation syndrome (DIC) – hypofibrinogenemia, increased levels of soluble fibrin-monomer complexes, fibrin degradation products, including D-dimer. Changes in indicators increased as the disease progressed from anemic to jaundiced form. In the anemic form, shock is defined as subcompensated in moderate severity, and DIC syndrome – in the stage of consumption coagulopathy. Complications characterise a transitional state that is in unstable equilibrium. In the icteric form, shock is defined as decompensated severe, and DIC syndrome – in the stage of hypocoagulation. This condition is characterised as critical, with a pronounced tendency to irreversibility. Changes in liver parameters indicate hyperactivity of all indicator enzymes, hyperbilirubinemia and hyperuria. With the development of the disease, the rates increase significantly. DIC syndrome, shock and hepatopathy enter the vicious circle, in which hematological complications cause hepatopathy, and it, in turn, exacerbates them. Hepatopathy for babesiosis in dogs is considered a serious condition that requires intensive care

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“…It remains unclear whether B. microti induces red blood cell cytoadherence. Vascular stasis and blockage has been demonstrated in the retina of a human patient infected with B. microti but another single case study failed to demonstrate evidence of B. microti-infected red blood cell cytoadherence to vascular endothelium in the brain of a comatose patient (Ortiz and Eagle, 1982;Clark et al, 2006b;Ortiz et al, 2020).…”

Section: Erythrocyte Cytoadherencementioning

confidence: 99%

Babesia microti: Pathogen Genomics, Genetic Variability, Immunodominant Antigens, and Pathogenesis

et al. 2021

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More than 100 Babesia spp. tick-borne parasites are known to infect mammalian and avian hosts. Babesia belong to Order Piroplasmid ranked in the Phylum Apicomplexa. Recent phylogenetic studies have revealed that of the three genera that constitute Piroplasmida, Babesia and Theileria are polyphyletic while Cytauxzoon is nested within a clade of Theileria. Several Babesia spp. and sub-types have been found to cause human disease. Babesia microti, the most common species that infects humans, is endemic in the Northeastern and upper Midwestern United States and is sporadically reported elsewhere in the world. Most infections are transmitted by Ixodid (hard-bodied) ticks, although they occasionally can be spread through blood transfusion and rarely via perinatal transmission and organ transplantation. Babesiosis most often presents as a mild to moderate disease, however infection severity ranges from asymptomatic to lethal. Diagnosis is usually confirmed by blood smear or polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Treatment consists of atovaquone and azithromycin or clindamycin and quinine and usually is effective but may be problematic in immunocompromised hosts. There is no human Babesia vaccine. B. microti genomics studies have only recently been initiated, however they already have yielded important new insights regarding the pathogen, population structure, and pathogenesis. Continued genomic research holds great promise for improving the diagnosis, management, and prevention of human babesiosis, and in particular, the identification of lineage-specific families of cell-surface proteins with potential roles in cytoadherence, immune evasion and pathogenesis.

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Babesiosis: Appreciating the Pathophysiology and Diverse Sequela of the Infection

Cited by 6 publications

References 27 publications

Ultramicroscopic Erythrocytes Profile as a Component of the Babesiosis Pathogenesis

Ultramicroscopic Erythrocytes Profile as a Component of the Babesiosis Pathogenesis

Features of Hepatopathy and Hematological Complications in Acute Spontaneous Babesiosis of Dogs

Babesia microti: Pathogen Genomics, Genetic Variability, Immunodominant Antigens, and Pathogenesis

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