The polyetiological syndrome of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is characterized by changes in patients’ hemostasis. The aim of the current research was to elucidate the main factors for the development of DIC syndrome during canine babesiosis, and to assess their correlation level. Dogs included in this study were of various breeds and sex, weighing 10-40 kg and aged 2-7 years. They were separated in two groups (n=50) according to their diagnosis to babesiosis. Oscillometry (blood pressure, pulse rate), vascular-platelet hemostasis, coagulogram, hematological, biochemical (fibrinogen, fibrin degradation product, soluble fibrin-monomer complex) and hemodynamic (circulating blood volume) assessment methods were used. The group of dogs positive on Babesia spp., had clear manifestation of DIC with 5-7% of the erythrocyte population being affected. DIC was manifested by a significant increase in soluble fibrin-monomer complex and fibrin degradation product (p<0.001), hypofibrinogenemia (p<0.001), thrombocytopenia (p<0.001), and an increase in indicators of spontaneous aggregation ability of platelets and red blood cells (p<0.001). Significant hemodynamic disorders were observed: a decrease in circulating blood volume, circulating erythrocytes volume (p<0.05), specific circulating blood volume and hematocrit value (p<0.001). The average blood pressure was reduced (p<0.001), and the Allgöwer’s shock index was increased 2 times (p<0.05). A shock of II degree (medium, subcompensated) was confirmed. Therefore, it can be concluded that acute spontaneous dogs’ babesiosis can be characterized by the occurrence of DIC in a consumption coagulopathy form, and shock of II degree. This condition renders the patients for emergency admission.
The article is devoted to research of complication of dogs babesiosis and the elucidation of their pathogenetic mechanisms. Babesiosis of dogs is extremely common in Polissya region of Ukraine, as created ideal conditions for enzootic focus. Agents have considerable virulence, so the disease is often accompanied by extremely severe complications. In our researches it is established that the main pathogenetic axis represent the shock and syndrome of disseminated intravascular coagulation of blood. These two processes are the secondary and create a "vicious circle" mutually causing and utilise each other. They are the determining factors of the death of the body.We studied clinical signs, laboratory indicators and pathological and morphological picture of complication. Clearly the stage of hypercoagulability with the defeat of the shock bodies, of consumption coagulopathy with bleeding on the background of thrombosis, fibrinolysis with ongoing bleeding and further irreversible terminal stage of shock. The main involving laboratory criteria are the concentration of degradation products of fibrinogen/fibrin and the presence of soluble fibrin-monomer complexes defined in the ethanol test, and hematocrit. Other indicators and signs allow you to identify the stage of complications.Thus, when dogs babesiosis main complications are disseminated intravascular coagulation and shock that affect the vital organs and systems and they are the main determining cause of death of animals.
У статті наведено результати досліджень симптомокомплексу гепатопатії та нефропатії за спонтанного бабезіозу собак. Паразитування збудників приводить до ураження багатьох життєво важливих органів завдяки втягуванню у патологічний процес ускладнень у вигляді шоку. Самі ускладнення індукуються діяльністю паразитів, в тому числі й руйнуванням еритроцитів. Потужні порушення виникають у полі мікроциркуляції. Нами було помічено, що останнім часом збільшилася кількість випадків гострої ниркової недостатності на фоні гострої печінкової недостатності у хворих на бабезіоз собак. За мету було поставлено вивчення особливостей перебігу гепатопатії та нефропатії, клінічної і лабораторної діагностики синдромів, встановлення їхнього зв’язку з загальною патогенетичною віссю захворювання. Наростання чисельності випадків симптомокомплексу гепатопатії з нефропатією було суттєвим впродовж останніх років. Синдроми супроводжуються характерними клінічними ознаками та зрушеннями у лабораторних показниках: анорексією, блювотою жовчю, жовтяницею, олігурією з подальшою анурією, гемоглобінурією з гематурією, протеїнурією, а також гіпербілірубінемією, наростанням активності трансаміназ, лужної фосфатази, лактатдегідрогенази, уремією, креатинінемією. Загальні гематологічні дослідження свідчать, що в організмі хворих тварин відбувається потужний генералізований запальний процес, що підтверджується гіперлейкоцитозом та достовірним прискоренням швидкості осідання еритроцитів майже у 8 разів. Наявність синдрому дисемінованого внутрішньосудинного згортання крові (ДВЗ) підтверджується достовірним зростанням у плазмі рівня продуктів деградації фібриногена/фібрина та розчинних фібрин-мономерних комплексів, достовірною тромбоцитопенією. Циркуляторні розлади засвідчені зниженням гематокритної величини, що вказує на зниження об’єму ефективно циркулюючої крові. Синдром ДВЗ і циркуляторні розлади визначають шоковий стан. Таким чином, симптомокомплекс гепатопатії та нефропатії за бабезіозу собак є елементом шоку як загальнопатогенетичної осі ускладнень і, в силу вищевикладеного, може бути визначений як псевдогепаторенальний синдром. Такий стан вимагає негайного застосування засобів невідкладної терапії.
The aim of the present study was to examine the lipid profile, lipid fractions and the lipid peroxidation state in the blood of neutered cats with obesity and diabetes. Three groups of neutered cats (males and females) were formed for the study. We compared cats with obesity (7-9 points on a 9-point BCS scale), with obesity complicated by diabetes, and clinically healthy animals with normal body condition scores (4-5 BCS points). Lipidogram parameters, fractions of high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), chylomicrons (CM), lipid peroxidation products (POL) - lipid hydroperoxides (GPL) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were analysed. In obese cats, a decrease in HDL and phospholipids was observed, and an increase in LDL, VLDL, CM, triglycerides, and cholesterol. No significant differences in lipid and lipoprotein metabolism between neutered females and males were found. A tendency towards increasing concentrations of lipoproteins, triglycerides and cholesterol in males, as well as an increase in phospholipids in females was found. In cats with obesity and associated diabetes, the ratio of phospholipids: cholesterol was less than one, while in healthy cats - more than one. Obesity and diabetes initiate POL and increased concentrations of GPL and MDA, which were the highest in the blood of females with associated pathology.
In the article the results of studies of epizootic characteristics, clinical course, diagnosis criteria of pets’ sarcoptoides, as well as evaluating the therapeutic efficacy of ivermectin in the fight against scabious diseases are presented. It is established that sarcoptoides among pets are mostly cats, home decorative rabbits, Guinea pigs, rats. Largely that do not meet hygienic standards contribute to contamination of animal welfare. Among the pathogens of pets’ sarcoptoidoses there are whole range, namely Notoedres cati causes scabies names notoedrosis; supracutaneous mite Psoroptes cuniculi striking in rodents, causing them the development of parasitic otitis, and carpet mite Otodectes cynotis is the cause of otodectosis in cats. Otodectosis in cats (31%) is most widespread. This is due to commensals of the pathogen and the constant presence of it in the external auditory canal. The rest of the diseases takes from 5 to 10% of the extensiveness of the invasion. Notoedrosis of cats is a highly contagous disease and more common in cats who have come into contact with stray animals and may have contracted through direct contact. Parasitic otitis in rodents, caused by Psoroptes cuniculi, develop in individuals that are kept separately and were not part of a collective of animals. Likely, the main contagion happened from mothers, and in further animals were carriers of parasites. Under favorable conditions, the increased development of ticks led to the emergence of the disease. Scabies diseases were accompanied by the development of dermatitis of varying severity, itching with scratches and abrasions. The clinical picture is quite characteristic, but the basis for diagnosis is the detection and identification of the pathogen, as well as the calculation of the intensity of the invasion. To combat sarcoptoidosis pathogens, parenteral administration of ivermectin solutions of 1% and 0.1% was applied twice at 7-day intervals at a dose of 0.03 ml/kg of 1% solution and 0.3 ml/kg of 0.1% solution. 7 days intensefficiency of drugs accounted for 69–85% and for 14 – 95–100%. The most effective drug was to fight Psoroptes cuniculi and Notoedres cati. Less intensefficiency of the drug in the fight against Otodectes cynotis may be associated with the biology of the mites and its commensals to the external auditory canal of cats.
The article presents the results of studies on the adaptation of the automatic tonometer Longevita BP–1305 with replaceable marking cuffs I(C1I) and C(C1C) for the oscillometric method of blood pressure measuring in dogs of different sizes. Reference indicators are defined. The proposed method is indirect and is based on the measurement of air pressure required to compress the artery and stop the blood flow in it. The initial recorded tone displays the maximum, or systolic, pressure (Sys). The process of stopping the registration of pulse tremors occurs at the time of restoration of the artery lumen and corresponds to the minimal, or diastolic, blood pressure (Dia). The use of the oscillometric method completely eliminates the human factor for the measurements. These cuffs allow to cover the whole range of the dogs circles subulnar zone of different breeds. The ratio of width to circumference is 42–45%, which is the optimal value. The cuff of the device was applied to the left forearm area. Measurements were carried out three times, calculating the arithmetic mean of the results to account for the error caused by the stress state of animals. Experienced dogs were in the usual lying position. All healthy animals were monitored for blood pressure in the morning (9–10 hours), afternoon (14–15 hours) and evening (19–20 hours). Under the influence of aggressive factors of excessive force, inadequate violent chaotic reactions of the body occur, which leads to a state of shock. Periodic measurement of mean blood pressure in combination with other routine studies can identify patients at risk of decompensation at the stage when resuscitation is still possible. Systolic, diastolic blood pressure and pulse rate were measured. The mean blood pressure and Allgover shock index were calculated. We did not find a significant difference in blood pressure depending on body weight. Also, these figures fluctuate unreliably during the day and are the largest in the morning with a tendency to decrease in the evening. We have established the reference values of blood pressure of clinically healthy dogs at the level of the narrowed norm (M ± σ), taking into account the permitted number of the studied animals (n = 120). The shock index of Allgover in healthy animals is in the range of 0.6–0.9. The growth of the indicator indicates an increase in shock phenomena.
Надзвичайно розповсюдженою кровопротозойною хворобою собак регіону Центрального ПоліссяУкраїни є бабезіоз. Збудники паразитують в еритроцитах хворих тварин, зумовлюючи їхнє руйну-вання. Рештки зруйнованих клітин, вивільнені фактори еритроцитів сприяють реакції з боку лімфо-їдних тканин. Постійна патогенна стрес-стимуляція органів системи мононуклеарних фагоцитівзбудниками захворювання, особливо селезінки, призводить до гіперпластичних змін – спленомегалії.Мета роботи – визначити механізм формування спленомегалії, спричинений бабезіозом та патоген-ний вплив зміненої селезінки, встановити клінічні ознаки, стан організму під час цього ускладнення,обґрунтувати рекомендації щодо лікування хворих тварин. Матеріалом дослідження слугували соба-ки, хворі на спонтанний бабезіоз, з ускладненням хвороби на спленомегалію. Проводили клінічні і ла-бораторні дослідження для встановлення загального стану функціонування організму хворих собак.Виявлено виражену сезонну активність спалахів бабезіозу. Ускладнення перенесеного бабезіозу спле-номегалією відмічено в середньому у 7 % хворих собак. Основну кількість їх зареєстровано наприкін-ці осінньої хвилі спалаху бабезіозу в зимовий період. Спленомегалія є віддаленим наслідком дії збудни-ка та патологічних реакцій, відповідно на його вплив. Клінічно ускладнення проявляється збільшен-ням селезінки в розмірах, периспленітом. Розлади шлунково-кишкового тракту зумовлені компресій-ним впливом селезінки і часто гепатомегалією, що розвивається паралельно до гіперплазії селезінки.Лабораторні дослідження свідчать про завершення запалення і розвиток гіперплазії селезінки, запа-льні процеси, а також дистрофічні зміни у печінці, ниркову недостатність, що сукупно визначаєсимптомокомплекс псевдогепаторенального синдрому. Гіперпластично змінена селезінка загрожуєнаростанням несприятливих явищ позапечінкової портальної гіпертензії, компресійних порушеньорганів черевної порожнини, септичного розплавлення органу. Такий стан визначає необхідністьпроведення спленектомії для збереження здоров’я та життя тварини.
Psoroptosis and pasalurosis in rabbits for their maintenance in unsanitary conditions often becomes massive. To increase the effectiveness of treatment of rabbits it is expedient to use combined drugs based on active substances with different mechanisms of action on parasites. Rabbits of the first experimental group applied spray treatment with acaricidal properties of kerosene + glycerol (1:1) three times with an interval of 5 days. Spraying the inner surface of the ears was carried out after mechanical cleaning with gauze swabs soaked in iodine solution + glycerin (1:4). To destroy the helminths, brovadasol plus (5 g/10 kg body weight), orally with food, was administered once. For animals of the second experimental group, the "brovermectin 2%" helminthoacaricide was chosen, it was orally administered at a dose of 1 ml/50 kg body weight, divided into 5 days of regular use. Mechanical treatment of ear with chlorhexidine bigluconate was carried out analogously to rabbits of the first group twice a day for 10 days. On the day of treatment with the rabbits in the second group, Dexacel 0.2 % (KELAN.V., Belgium) was injected intramuscularly with a dose of 0.1/1 kg of body weight, in order to improve the general animal's stanchion. For combined infestations (scabies and nematodes) it is advisable to use preparations based on ivermectin (in our study, "Brovermectin 2%" at a dose of 1 ml/50 kg, which was divided into 5 parts and daily diluted one part in 1/2 of the daily water) In the case of the need to treat only psoroptosis, one can use a kerosene solution in glycerol (1:1) in the form of a spray. A prerequisite for the effective treatment of psoropathy is the regular mechanical cleaning of the affected ears from the purulent parasitic exudate or iodine solution + glycerol (1:4) or Chlorhexidine bigluconate 0,05%. It is appropriate to use "Dexacel 02" (one time, non-inflammatory y dose of 0.1/1 kg body weight) in order to improve the general animal's condition. The use of "Brovadazole plus" (once, with food, at a dose of 5 g/10 kg body weight) did not ensure 100% destruction of Passalurus ambiquus, but due to the short carencia period (only 7 days), if necessary, can be applied to fattening rabbits in the last 2 weeks before slaughter. In contrast to the period of carencia, "Brovermectin 2%" is at least 24 days. Key words: rabbit, psoroptosis, pasalurosis, brovermectin, acaricidal efficacy, Dexacel 02.
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