“…As an important type of electrode material for SIBs, anode materials have been widely studied ( Tao et al, 2021 ). Until now, considerable achievements have been made in the research of SIB anode materials, such as layered transition metal oxides ( Xiong et al, 2011 ; Ma et al, 2020 ; Li Y. et al, 2020 ), polyanionic compounds ( Li et al, 2015 ; Yu et al, 2018 ; Guo et al, 2020 ; Sui Y. et al, 2021 ), metal sulfide composites ( Cui et al, 2018 ; Zhao et al, 2020 ), or alloy composites ( Liu et al, 2016 ; Tao et al, 2021 ) . Metal sulfide anodes have a higher sodium storage capacity, and generally have lower redox potential, better electrochemical reversibility, and longer cycle life than metal oxides in charge/discharge reaction ( Xie et al, 2018 ; Liu G. et al, 2019 ; Xu et al, 2019 ; Yao et al, 2019 ; Shan et al, 2020 ).…”