Analysis of the impact velocity of powder particles in the cold-gas dynamic-spray process

Grujičić, M.; Zhao, Changtai; Tong, Charles; DeRosset, W.S; Helfritch, D.J.

doi:10.1016/j.msea.2003.10.312

Cited by 187 publications

(76 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Thus, quite a number of attempts were made to describe the fluid dynamics of cold spraying (Ref 4,9,10,(15)(16)(17). Since the process gas is only electrically preheated, modeling does neither have to account for combustion, possible reaction products and effects on attainable temperatures and pressures, like in flame spraying (FS) and high velocity oxy-fuel flame spraying (HVOF), nor does it have to consider heat transfer and expansion of multicomponent gases in electrical discharges, as in plasma spraying (PS).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

From Particle Acceleration to Impact and Bonding in Cold Spraying

et al. 2009

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In conventional thermal spraying, the spray particles are partially or fully molten when they deposit on the substrate. Cold spraying, in contrast, uses less thermal and more kinetic energy. In this process, solid particles impact on the substrate at high velocities and form excellent coatings. Due to comparatively low temperatures and typically inert process gases, cold spraying is particularly suitable for heat and oxidation sensitive materials. In recent years, modeling and computational methods have been widely used to study this relatively new spraying process, particularly to describe impact conditions of particles, to improve nozzle design, and to provide a better understanding of the thermo-mechanical processes that lead to particle bonding and deposition. This paper summarizes the state of the art in these theoretical studies, alongside a comprehensive description of the process. The paper also discusses the prediction of coating properties in the light of modeling combined with experimental investigations.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

From Particle Acceleration to Impact and Bonding in Cold Spraying

et al. 2009

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“…Figure 3 shows the results of the numerical model as compared to Eq 6 and 8. It should be noted that similar approximations have been used by different authors (Ref 10,14). The present approximation, however, appears to be applicable to a wider range of parameters, partly because it relaxes the condition v p ( v. Moreover, postulation of the maximum particle velocity, v max , in this study is considered to provide further insight to the problem of particle acceleration in cold spray.…”

Section: Parametric Expression Of the Particle Velocitymentioning

confidence: 88%

“…The following well-known gas dynamic equations are used for isentropic flow of an ideal gas with constant thermodynamic properties through a convergent-divergent nozzle (Ref [10][11][12][13][14]30):…”

Section: Appendix A: Gas Dynamic Equations For Flow In a Nozzlementioning

confidence: 99%

“…A most determining factor for bonding is the velocity of the impacting particle. Bonding occurs if the particle velocity upon impact, v pi , becomes greater than a critical value, v cr (Ref [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18]. The conditions that lead to particle bonding can be identified with respect to what is referred to as window of deposition.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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On Parameter Selection in Cold Spraying

et al. 2011

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For cold spraying, a method for the construction of the window of deposition and the selection of optimum process parameters is presented. Initially, particle impact velocity and the critical particle velocity for bonding are worked out and expressed explicitly in terms of key process and material parameters. Subsequently, the influence of particle velocity on coating characteristics is examined in view of the results of experiments and simulations. It has been found that main coating characteristics can be described as a unique function of the ratio of particle velocity to critical velocity, here referred to as g. Finally, coating properties are linked directly to primary process parameters via parameter selection maps, where contours of constant g are plotted on a plane of gas temperature versus gas pressure. Inferences of the presented method and the resulting parameter selection maps are discussed for the example of copper as feedstock material.

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“…In the kinetic spray, or cold gas dynamic spray process, micron-sized particles are deposited on a substrate by accelerating them to supersonic speeds (300-1200 m/s) using converge-diverge de Laval nozzle (Ref [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]. This induces intimate bonding assisted by adiabatic shear instability at the particle-particle and particle-substrate interface .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microstructure of Kinetic Spray Coatings: A Review

2015

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Kinetic spray process has been applied to various industrial fields such as automotive, aviation, and defense industries due to its availability to produce high-performing coating layer. However, since the properties of kinetic-sprayed coating layer are significantly affected by the microstructures of deposit, the microstructures of the deposit should be controlled to acquire advanced coating layer and, accordingly, deep understanding of microstructural evolution must be achieved before controlling the microstructure of the coating layer. This paper gives an overview of contents related to the microstructure of kineticsprayed deposition. The most powerful influencing factors in microstructural evolution of kinetic-sprayed coating layer are instant generation of thermal energy and high-strain, high-strain-rate plastic deformation at the moment of particle impact. A high-density coating layer with low porosity can be produced, although some micro-cracks are occasionally induced at the interparticle boundary or at the inner region of the particles. Also, a microstructure which is distinct from the inner particle region is created in the vicinity of the particle-particle or particle-substrate interface region. However, almost no crystal phase transformation or chemical reaction is induced since the deposited particles are not heated directly by a thermal energy source.

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Analysis of the impact velocity of powder particles in the cold-gas dynamic-spray process

Cited by 187 publications

References 13 publications

From Particle Acceleration to Impact and Bonding in Cold Spraying

From Particle Acceleration to Impact and Bonding in Cold Spraying

On Parameter Selection in Cold Spraying

Microstructure of Kinetic Spray Coatings: A Review

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