A two year survey on the control of the importation of captive birds into Great Britain

Abstract

The operation of the Importation of Captive Birds Order 1976 is described. In the first 24 months that the order was effective, a total of 183,189 birds were landed. Of these 5829 (3.18 per cent) were dead on arrival, 8643 (4.71 per cent) died in quarantine and 474 batches of carcases were submitted for post mortem examination. Chlamydia infections were diagnosed in birds from 14 quarantine/isolation lots and salmonellae were isolated from 23 lots. Thirty-six haemagglutinating agents were isolated from 17 quarantine/isolation lots. These were identified as eight influenza A viruses with Hav 7 Neq 2 subtypes (associated with two importations); 14 influenza A viruses with Hav 4 Nav 1 subtypes (six importations); four yucaipa-like paramyxoviruses (three importations); four 449-like paramyxoviruses (two importations); one unspecified paramyxovirus; five Newcastle disease viruses (NDV) (two importations). Four of the NDV isolates, associated with one importation, were shown to be velogenic viruses by intravenous pathogenicity index tests in six-week-old chickens.

Isolation, Identification, and Comparison of Four Isolates of Avian Paramyxovirus Serotype 2 in China

“…In addition, infection with the viruses could also result in immunosuppression (27). Among all the permissive hosts, APMV-2 infection has been more widespread in wild birds (6,13,20,21); the house sparrow recorded the greatest prevalence (69%) of APMV-2 (21). Just because of the apparent prevalence of APMV-2 in the wild birds, the viruses may potentially spread across different geographical areas.…”

Pathogenicity of PMV‐3/parakeet/netherlands/449/75 for chickens

“…Smit and Rondhuis (1976) reported some mortality in one-day-old chicks and respiratory signs in 10-week-old chickens infected with PMV-3/parakeet/Netherlands/ 449/75 (449). In view of the repeated isolations of viruses serologically related to 449 from birds dying in quarantine in Great Britain (Ashton and Alexander, 1980;Alexander, unpublished) and the possible spread to domestic poultry, the present study was undertaken to examine the clinical disease and deaths in young chickens infected with 449 virus.…”

Isolation of a Paramyxovirus from Pigs in Israel and Its Antigenic Relationships with Avian Paramyxoviruses

“…The second example is Yucaipa-like viruses (PMV-2) which have been isolated more recently from domestic, feral and exotic birds (Alexander, 1980(Alexander, , 1982Duluc & Fleury, 1983;Lipkind et aL, 1982a, b). In the avian PMV-3 serotype to which the Sw/Naz has been shown to be related, the representative viruses are clearly divided into those of turkey origin represented by the prototype Ty/Wisc strain (McFerran et al, 1974;Alexander & Chettle, 1978 ;Tumova et al, 1979 a;Bahl & Vickers, 1982;MacPherson et al, 1983 ;Alexander et al, 1983;Alexander & Collins, 1984), and those of psittacine origin represented by the prototype strain Pk/Neth (Smit & Rondhuis, 1976;Hirai et al, 1979;Ashton & Alexander, 1980;Alexander & Collins, 1984). There have been no reports on the occurrence of Ty/Wisc-like viruses in psittacine reservoirs or Pk/Neth-like viruses in turkey reservoirs.…”