A description of the affective quality attributed to environments.

Abstract

The meaning that persons attribute to environments is divided into perceptualcognitive meaning and affective meaning. Affective meaning is then conceptualized as a two-dimensional bipolar space that can be denned by eight variables falling in the following circular order around the perimeter: pleasant (arbitrarily set at 0°), exciting (45°), arousing (90°), distressing (135°), unpleasant (180°), gloomy (225°), sleepy (270°), and relaxing (315°, which is thus 45° from pleasant). Alternatively, the same space can be denned by two orthogonal bipolar dimensions of pleasant-unpleasant and arousing-sleepy-or equally well by exciting-gloomy and distressing-relaxing. Reliable verbal scales for these eight variables are developed and shown to approximate the proposed theoretical structure. This study was supported by a research grant from the Canada Council to the first author. We are grateful to Nicole Clement and Klaus Schroeder for their help in carrying out this study and to Jerry S. Wiggins for helpful comments on an earlier draft of this article. Requests for reprints should be sent to James A

Destination images, holistic images and personal normative beliefs: Predictors of intention to revisit a destination

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Pleasure, Arousal, Dominance: Mehrabian and Russell revisited

“…Whereas Mehrabian and Russell (1974) interpreted arousal as an affective factor, it shows to be a cognitive one that can be connected with thinking and thoughts. Regarding dominance, it can be questioned whether dominance has to be conceived as affective or cognitive, and how to measure this dimension (Russell and Pratt, 1980;Russell, Ward and Pratt, 1981). In the literature dominance is consequently related to freedom or limitations regarding someone's behaviour.…”

“…Russell and Carroll, 1999 a. Affect and cognition Russell, Ward, Pratt and Lanius (1980, 1981, 1984, 1999 and Zajonc (1984) conceived pleasure and arousal as indicators of affect, and considered dominance to be a more cognitive indicator (Russell, Pratt, 1980;Russell, Ward, Pratt, 1981). In environmental psychology research affect is a central theme (Russell and Pratt, 1980;Baker, 1992;Ang, 1997;Chebat, 2003;Ryu, 2007).…”

“…Because virtually no meaningful thoughts, actions, or environmental encounters occur without affect". In addition, the cognitive component is of considerable value in experiencing the physical environment as well, because a building has a function and a meaning with a cognitive recognition (Ittelson, 1973;Russell and Pratt, 1980;Russell, 1980;Russell, Ward and Pratt, 1981). Mehrabian (1996) used the term 'disinterest' as a noun to explain pleasure.…”

“…In the field of environmental psychology, pleasure, arousal and dominance are conceived as three basic dimensions of emotional responses that indicate peoples' state of feeling (Mehrabian and Russell, 1974;Russell, 1980;Russell and Pratt, 1980;Zajonc, 1980;Russell, Ward and Pratt, 1981;Bell et al, 2001;Gifford, 2001). However, since 1974 discussions are going on among (environmental) psychologists such as Russell, Ward, Pratt, and Lanius (1980, 1981, 1984, 1999 and Zajonc (1984) about the exact interpretation of the dimensions in connection to cognition and affect and the role of dominance.…”