Lycopodiaceae in Brazil. Conspectus of the family I. The genera Lycopodium, Austrolycopodium, Diphasium, and Diphasiastrum

Abstract

A conspectus of the Lycopodiaceae in Brazil is presented, following a generic classification based on anatomy, chromosome numbers, spores and gametophytes, as well as recent molecular studies. The species of Lycopodiaceae occurring in Brazil, traditionally treated conservatively, were grouped in three genera: Lycopodium, Lycopodiella, and Huperzia. Within each genus, the diversity (treated under various subgenera, sections, and subsections) has been discussed. In our new approach, these three genera are treated as subfamilies Lycopodiodeae (four genera in Brazil), Lycopodielloideae (three genera in Brazil), and Huperzioideae (two genera in Brazil). Branching patterns and morphological diversity of vegetative leaves and sporophylls, as well as morphology of sporangia and spores in the different groups, are discussed in a brief review. We provide keys to identification of subfamilies and genera represented in Brazil. The species of Lycopodioideae, genera Lycopodium (s.str.), Austrolycopodium, Diphasium, and Diphasiastrum (one species in the first three genera, two in Diphasiastrum -one of them new) are treated in detail, with descriptions, illustrations (or references to illustrations), and comments on habitat and distribution. Key words: taxonomy, lycophytes, diversity, floristics, phytogeography. ResumoÉ apresentado um conspecto das licopodiáceas ocorrentes na flora do Brasil, seguindo classificação genérica baseada em anatomia, números cromossômicos, esporos e gametófitos, bem como as evidências de recentes estudos moleculares. Os representantes de Lycopodiaceae eram tradicionalmente tratados de maneira conservadora, agrupados em três gêneros: Lycopodium, Lycopodiella e Huperzia, tratando sua diversidade em subgêneros, secções e sub-secções. Na nova abordagem, estes três gêneros passam a ser tratados como subfamílias, a saber: Lycopodioideae (quatro gêneros no Brasil), Lycopodielloideae (três gêneros) e Huperzioideae (dois gêneros). Os padrões de ramificação, a variabilidade na morfologia das folhas vegetativas e esporofilos, bem como a morfologia dos esporângios e esporos nos diferentes grupos são discutidos em breve resenha da terminologia adotada. É apresentada uma chave de identificação para as subfamílias e seus gêneros no Brasil. As espécies de Lycopodioidea, gêneros Lycopodium (s.str.), Austrolycopodium, Diphasium e Diphasiastrum (uma espécie em cada um dos três primeiros, duas in Diphasiastrum sendo uma nova para a ciência), são tratadas em detalhe, com apresentação de chaves, descrições, ilustrações (ou referências a ilustrações), bem como comentários sobre habitats e distribuição. Palavras-chave: taxonomia, licófitas, diversidade, florística, fitogeografia.Lycopodiaceae in Brazil. Conspectus of the family I. The genera Lycopodium, Austrolycopodium, Diphasium, and Diphasiastrum

A community‐derived classification for extant lycophytes and ferns

“…Looking again at the marked increase in the number of pteridophyte genera, it is clear that disintegration has typically been favored and some lineages have experienced greater change than others. Instead of recognizing just four genera within the Lycopodiaceae (sensu Øllgaard, ), the PPG I classification takes the now‐common approach of subdividing the family into 16 genera (Holub, , , , 1985, 1991; Wagner & Beitel, ; Haines, ; Øllgaard, , , ; Field & Bostock, ; Øllgaard & Windisch, ; Field et al, ). Likewise, we mostly follow Almeida et al () in our treatment of 30 genera in Thelypteridaceae (versus five in Smith, ) and we also incorporate considerable subdivision recently proposed for the Hymenophyllaceae (sensu Ebihara et al, ), grammitids (sensu Sundue et al, ), and Blechnaceae (sensu Gasper et al, ).…”

“…Type: Lycopodiella inundata (L.) Holub (≡ Lycopodium inundatum L.). Circumscription sensu Øllgaard & Windisch (). Monophyletic (Field et al, ).…”

Lycopodiaceae in Brazil. Conspectus of the family II. The genera Lycopodiella, Palhinhaea, and Pseudolycopodiella

“…The methodology used in this study was the same adopted by the fist part of this treatment (Øllgaard & Windisch 2014).…”

“…It deals with the genera Lycopodiella, Palhinhaea, and Pseudolycopodiella, including a total of 17 species. The first part (Øllgaard & Windisch 2014) treated the genera Austrolycopodium, Diphasiastrum, Diphasium, and Lycopodium, including five species, and gave a general introduction to the family, the history of its study and exploration in Brazil, and keys to the genera of the whole family.…”

Checklist of ferns and lycophytes from the Parque Estadual Turístico do Alto Ribeira, Iporanga, São Paulo, Brazil

“…Species conservation status in the state of São Paulo was obtained from SMA (2004). The taxonomic treatment adopted for the ferns and Selaginellaceae follows , and Rothfels et al (2012) while for Lycopodiaceae was accepted the classification proposed by Øllgaard and Windisch (2014). The names of authors of taxa were abbreviated according to Pichi-Sermolli (1996).…”