This compilation of ferns and lycophytes in Brazil is an update of the one published in 2010 in Catálogo de Plantas e Fungos do Brasil. The methodology consisted in collecting data from regional checklists, taxonomic revisions, and selected databases. Invited specialists improved the list accessing a website housed at the Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro. The results show 1,253 species: 1,111 of ferns and 142 of lycophytes. This number is 6.5% higher than the previous one (1,176 spp.). The percentage of endemic species decreased from 38.2% to 36.7%. We recognized 36 families and 133 genera (vs. 33 families, 121 genera in 2010). The 10 most diverse families are Pteridaceae (196 spp.), Dryopteridaceae (179), Polypodiaceae (164), Hymenophyllaceae (90), Thelypteridaceae (86), Aspleniaceae (78), Lycopodiaceae (64), Selaginellaceae (55), Anemiaceae (51), and Cyatheaceae (45). The three most diverse genera are still Elaphoglossum (87 spp.), Thelypteris (85), and Asplenium (74). The richest phytogeographic domain continues to be in the Atlantic Rainforest with 883 species which also has the largest number of endemic and threatened species, followed by the Amazon Rainforest (503) ResumoEsta compilação de samambaias e licófitas do Brasil é uma atualização daquela de 2010, no Catálogo de Plantas e Fungos do Brasil. A metodologia consistiu na reunião de dados de listas regionais, revisões de grupos e bancos de dados selecionados. Especialistas convidados melhoraram a lista através do acesso a um sítio da web do Jardim Botânico do Rio Janeiro. Os resultados apontam uma diversidade de 1.253 espécies, sendo 1.111 samambaias e 142 licófitas. Este número é 6,5% maior que o anterior (1.176 espécies). As espécies endêmicas decresceram de 38,2% para 36,7%. Foram reconhecidas 36 famílias e 133 gêneros (vs. 33 famílias, 121 gêneros em 2010). As dez famílias mais diversas são: Pteridaceae (196 espécies), Dryopteridaceae (179), Polypodiaceae (164), Hymenophyllaceae (90), Thelypteridaceae (86), Aspleniaceae (78), Lycopodiaceae (64), Selaginellaceae (55), Anemiaceae (51) e Cyatheaceae (45). Os três gêneros mais diversos continuam sendo Elaphoglossum (87 espécies), Thelypteris (85) e Asplenium (74). O Domínio Fitogeográfico mais rico continua sendo a Mata Atlântica (883 espécies) e também com mais espécies endêmicas e ameaçadas, seguido pela Amazônia (503 espécies), Cerrado (269), Pantanal (30), Caatinga (26) e Pampa (oito). Minas Gerais permanece como o estado com maior riqueza (657 espécies vs. 580 em 2010).

Approximately 185 species of Lycopodiaceae are known to occur in the Neotropics: ca. 150 belong in the genus nuperzia, ca, 8 in Lycopodium, and ca. 25 in Lycopodiella. The species are enumerated according to assumed relationship, with information of the most important synonyms, a summary of their distribution, comments on their morphology and variability, and reference to selected illustrations. Species delimitation is problematic throughout the lamily. This is due to the simple morphology and the plasticity of the characters. Morphogenesis seems unstable in many species and may be strongly affected by environmental factors. Most characters are variable within a species, e.g., stem thickness, number of leaf orthostichies, leaf crowding, leaf direction, development of teeth on leaf margins, color, degree of heterophyllous differentiation. Often the diagnostic features of closely related species are without apparent adaptive significance. Hybridization is believed to occur rather freely, but the putative hybrids often have normally developed spores. Three new combinations, Huperzia tubulosa (Maxon) B. 01]g., Huperzia watsoniana (Maxon) B, 011g., and Lycopodiella torta (L. Underw. & F. Lloyd) B. 011g., are proposed.The present paper attempts to survey the di-tropics, but several remain to be described, esversity and variation of the species of Lycopodi-pecially from the Andes, and several are expected aceae sens. iat. in the area covered by Flora Neo-to be discovered as a result of future exploration tropica^ an area roughly defined as the parts of in the area. Detailed study of some of the complex the Americas between the Tropics of Cancer and and yet poorly understood species may add to the <-apricom. It presents preliminary results of studies number of recognized species. pnor to a monograph of the family for Flora Neotropica.The special problems encountered in the family relate mainly to interpretation of morphological No earlier studies apply to the species in this characters. The nomenclatural problems are relarea in its entirety, with the exception of an un-atively few and generally not very complex. This satisfactory worldwide synopsis by Nessel (1939). may be because relatively few botanists have been However, several recent regional treatments are involved in the study of the family, and horticulavailable, e.g., for parts of Mexico (Mickel & Bei-tural interest in the family has been sparse. The tel, 1988;Smith, 1981); Guatemala (011gaard, plants are generally small and easily collected, so 1983); Costa Rica to Colombian Choco (Lellinger, the type material generally is of good quality. The 1989); Lesser Antilles, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, and most serious nomenclatural problems relate to the the Virgin Islands (Proctor, 1977(Proctor, , 1985(Proctor, , 1989; numerous taxa described in the years 1927 -1940 Venezuela (011gaard, 1985b; Surinam (Kramer, by Hermann Nessel. Fortunately, Nessel's herbar-1978); Ecuador (01Igaard, 1988); and Brazil (011-ium is preserved in Bonn, but numerous problems gaard & Windisc...

0llgaard, B. 1991. Composition and structure of a species rich Amazonian rain forest obtained by two different sample methods. -Nord. J. Bot. 11: 10S110. Copenhagen. ISSN 0107-055X. Inventory data for trees P 10 cm DBH from a hectare plot are compared to data obtained by the Point-Centered Quarter Method along a line transect from the same locality in Anangu, Amazonian Ecuador. The one-hectare quadrat plot of 100 x 100 m had 734 individuals, 153 species, 46 families, a total basal area of 22.2 m2, and an estimated above ground tree volume of 240.5 m3. The line transect had a calculated density of 728 individuals per hectare, which included 239 species, 51 families, a total basal area of 34.1 m2, and an estimated above ground tree volume of 409.6 m7. Of the 20 species with the highest IVI, only four were shared by the two samples. The most important species were Quururibeu ochroculyx on the hectare plot and Iriartea deltoideu on the line transect, constituting 26.6 and 13.3% of the individuals, respectively. The five families with the highest FIV on the hectare plot (Bombacaceae, Arecaceae, Moraceae. Caesalpinaceae, and Lauraceae) and on the line transect (Arecaceae, Moraceae, Meliaceae, Mimosaceae and Caesalpinaceae) constitute 40.4% and 35.4% of the Family Importance Values of the samples, respectively. The Point-Centered Quarter Method used along a line transect reflects maximum diversity and provides average values of density and tree size in the area. The quadrat plot reflects the local structure and composition of the forest within the plot.

0llgaard, B. 1994. Floristic composition, structure, and dynamics of an upper montane rain forest in Southern Ecuador. -Nord. J. Bot. 14: 403-423. Copenhagen. ISSN 0107-055X.Two 1 ha plots of undisturbed upper montane rain forest in southern Ecuador were sampled for all trees with a dbh 2 5 cm. An extraordinarily high a-diversity for a forest near treeline is described. The "non-ridge forest" plot at 2900 m elevation has 75 species and 28 families ha-' and is believed to represent an advanced stage of succession whereas, the "ridge forest" plot at 2700 m elevation with 90 species and 38 families ha-' has a more rapid turn-over rate probably due to a more unstable environment. Downslope forces (soil creep) are discussed as a possible cause for 3244% of all trees being inclined more than 30" in the moderately steep terrain (average slope 20" in both study plots). The plot of "non-ridge forest" is characterized by a much greater biomass whether expressed as basal area (44 m2 versus 15 m2) or stem volume (214 m3 versus 52 m?), while the density is equally high (2310 versus 2090 trees ha-') in both plots. Families with Family Importance Value >25 / ha-' are Clusiaceae, Cunoniaceae, Melastomataceae, Myrsinaceae, and Ternstroemiaceae.

Diploid hybrids have retained their genetic and morphological identites throughout their Central European range, and thus no indications for diploid backcrossing were found. The triploid hybrids have probably originated from backcrossing between a diploid gametophyte of a hybrid (derived from a diplospore) and a haploid gametophyte of a diploid parental species. By repeated crossing events, reticulate evolution patterns arise that are similar to those known for a number of ferns.