Incidence of aflatoxin M1 in fresh milk from small farms

Gonçalves, Luana; Rosa, Andréia Dalla; Gonzales, Samantha Lemke; Feltes, Maria Manuela Camino; Badiale‐Furlong, Eliana; Dors, Giniani Carla

doi:10.1590/1678-457x.06317

Cited by 18 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…For instance, the association among most aflatoxin-contaminated feed ingredients and prevalence has been detailed [36,73]. Although the samples reported herein come from a highly industrialized sector, similar prevalence has been reported in fresh milk from small farms [84]. Consistent with our results, the seasonal distribution does not seem to affect AFM 1 prevalence [71], probably because Costa Rica has a tropical climate.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

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Mycotoxins at the Start of the Food Chain in Costa Rica: Analysis of Six Fusarium Toxins and Ochratoxin A between 2013 and 2017 in Animal Feed and Aflatoxin M1 in Dairy Products

Molina

Chavarría

Alfaro-Cascante

et al. 2019

Toxins

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Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites, produced by fungi of genera Aspergillus, Penicillium and Fusarium (among others), which produce adverse health effects on humans and animals (carcinogenic, teratogenic and immunosuppressive). In addition, mycotoxins negatively affect the productive parameters of livestock (e.g., weight, food consumption, and food conversion). Epidemiological studies are considered necessary to assist stakeholders with the process of decision-making regarding the control of mycotoxins in processing environments. This study addressed the prevalence in feed ingredients and compound feed of eight different types of toxins, including metabolites produced by Fusarium spp. (Deoxynivalenol/3-acetyldeoxynivalenol, T-2/HT-2 toxins, zearalenone and fumonisins) and two additional toxins (i.e., ochratoxin A (OTA) and aflatoxin M1 (AFM1)) from different fungal species, for over a period of five years. On the subject of Fusarium toxins, higher prevalences were observed for fumonisins (n = 80/113, 70.8%) and DON (n = 212/363, 58.4%), whereas, for OTA, a prevalence of 40.56% was found (n = 146/360). In the case of raw material, mycotoxin contamination exceeding recommended values were observed in cornmeal for HT-2 toxin (n = 3/24, 12.5%), T-2 toxin (n = 3/61, 4.9%), and ZEA (n = 2/45, 4.4%). In contrast, many compound feed samples exceeded recommended values; in dairy cattle feed toxins such as DON (n = 5/147, 3.4%), ZEA (n = 6/150, 4.0%), T-2 toxin (n = 10/171, 5.9%), and HT-2 toxin (n = 13/132, 9.8%) were observed in high amounts. OTA was the most common compound accompanying Fusarium toxins (i.e., 16.67% of co-occurrence with ZEA). This study also provided epidemiological data for AFM1 in liquid milk. The outcomes unveiled a high prevalence of contamination (i.e., 29.6–71.1%) and several samples exceeding the regulatory threshold. Statistical analysis exposed no significant climate effect connected to the prevalence of diverse types of mycotoxins.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

“…In the case of the butter samples, the preparation was performed according to the method in [84]. Briefly, 25 mL of aqueous methanol (70 mL/100 mL) was added to 5 g of butter.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mycotoxins at the Start of the Food Chain in Costa Rica: Analysis of Six Fusarium Toxins and Ochratoxin A between 2013 and 2017 in Animal Feed and Aflatoxin M1 in Dairy Products

Molina

Chavarría

Alfaro-Cascante

et al. 2019

Toxins

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“…All 129 milk samples that were analyzed had AFM1 contamination, with 13.9% showing levels above the legal limit imposed by the European Union. More recently, Gonçalves et al . analyzed 52 samples of raw milk in the state of Santa Catarina and reported that 40.4% of the samples had AFM1 concentrations above the maximum limit permitted in Brazil.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence and seasonality of aflatoxin M1 in milk in two different climate zones

Venâncio¹,

Ludovico²,

Santana

et al. 2019

J Sci Food Agric

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BACKGROUND Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is a mycotoxin found in milk as a result of the ingestion of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) by dairy cattle. Because of its carcinogenic properties, the control of its occurrence in dairy products is of great importance. We evaluated the occurrence and seasonality of AFM1 in milk from farms with subtropical and temperate climates, where significant milk production occurs. Forty samples of raw milk were collected from bulk tansk milk during the summer (five samples from a subtropical climate and 14 from a temperate climate) and winter (six samples from a subtropical climate and 15 from a temperate climate) months of 2017 and conducted an analysis using an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (detection limit 5 ng L−1). Data from eight random samples were compared with respect to liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry detection and ELISA. A significant correlation was observed. RESULTS The presence of AFM1 was detected in 87.50% (n = 35) of the samples analyzed (a mean of 16.66 ng L−1 and a median of 12.42 ng L−1 in positive samples); however, its concentration in all samples was below the maximum limit allowed by European (50 ng L−1) and Brazilian (500 ng L−1) legislations. There were no significant differences in the levels of AFM1 between the properties located in the two climate zones, in both summer and winter. The estimated daily intake of AFM1 based on the milk analyzed was 0.0107 ng kg−1 day−1 for adolescents, 0.0072 ng kg−1 day−1 for adults and 0.0098 ng kg−1 day−1 for the elderly. CONCLUSION The present work demonstrated a low exposure to AFM1. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry

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“…Our results were better compared to the study conducted by Nadira et al (2017) in Malaysia who revealed 19 out of 53 samples (35.8%) were positive with AFM1 ranging from 3.5 to 100.5 ng/L for detection with ELISA method or the study conducted by Ruangwises & Ruangwises (2010) in 240 milk samples collected from central region of Thailand which showed the average concentration in winter was 89±34 ng/L, rainy season was 71±28 ng/L and summer was 50±21 ng/L, and also the study conducted by Goncalves et al (2017) who found that 40.4% of samples from small dairy farms in Brazil were above the maximum limit allowed by the Brazilian regulation (0.5 μg/L). In the other hand, our results showed a higher incidence compared to the results in Malaysia (4% of the analyzed 102 samples) at contamination levels below of 0.5 ng/kg) (Shuib et al 2017).…”

Section: Contamination Of Afm1 In Raw Milk Samplesmentioning

confidence: 95%

Aflatoxin M1 in fresh dairy milk from small individual farms in Indonesia

Widiastuti¹,

Anastasia²

2018

JITV

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<p>This present study was aimed to investigate the presence of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) residue in fresh dairy milk collected from small dairyl farms. A total of 104 samples of fresh cow's milk were collected in Pengalengan-Bandung and Sukabumi (West Java province), and Tanggamus (Lampung province) in April and September 2012. All samples were analyzed by a high performance liquid chromatography and detected with fluorescence detector after extraction with organic solvents. Contamination of AFM1 was found on 1.96% (1/51) from the samples collected in April 2012 at concentration of 1.20 ng/L and 39.63% (21/53) from the samples collected in September 2012 at concentration of 1.20 ng/L 1.0 – 34.1 ng/L. Those positive samples were obtained from Pangalengan and Sukabumi, but none for those samples collected from Tanggamus both on collection time April nor September 2012. In those positive samples for AFM1, there is no sample contained AFM1 above the maximum level (ML) regulated in Indonesia (500 ng/L or 0.5 µg/L). Low contamination levels of AFB1 in the range of 0.38 to 6.64 µg/kg found in supplemental feed samples from the same sampling time and locations. The findings of AFM1 contamination in raw fresh milk from this study caused no harm to the consumers. However, regular monitoring on the presence of AFM1 in dairy milk and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in dairy cattle feed is necessary to ensure the protection of human health.</p>

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Incidence of aflatoxin M1 in fresh milk from small farms

Cited by 18 publications

References 27 publications

Mycotoxins at the Start of the Food Chain in Costa Rica: Analysis of Six Fusarium Toxins and Ochratoxin A between 2013 and 2017 in Animal Feed and Aflatoxin M1 in Dairy Products

Mycotoxins at the Start of the Food Chain in Costa Rica: Analysis of Six Fusarium Toxins and Ochratoxin A between 2013 and 2017 in Animal Feed and Aflatoxin M1 in Dairy Products

Occurrence and seasonality of aflatoxin M1 in milk in two different climate zones

Aflatoxin M1 in fresh dairy milk from small individual farms in Indonesia

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