Cryptococcal meningitis epidemiology: 17 years of experience in a State of the Brazilian Pantanal

Abstract

The present study documents the occurrence of neurocryptococcosis, which is mainly caused by C. neoformans VNI, in Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, with probable autochthonous cases in the Brazilian Pantanal, the world's largest tropical wetland, and a biome where cryptococcosis has not yet been explored.

B Cell Compartmentalization in Blood and Cerebrospinal Fluid of HIV-Infected Ugandans with Cryptococcal Meningitis

“…This extends the B cell characterization in these HIV-coinfected subjects. However, we could not determine whether the prominent B cell subset and activation perturbations in blood were due to the chronic effects of advanced HIV disease alone or due to an additional effect of acute secondary infection where cryptococcal antigen and symptoms develop 1 to 4 weeks prior to diagnosis (19,20,28,29). This distinction is important in determining whether patients with such advanced disease can actually generate a specific response to this systemic and local neurologic cryptococcal infection.…”

Occurrence of Cryptococcus neoformans in the excreta of urban pigeons in the municipality of Redenção in Amazônia, Brazil

“…A survey conducted in China with 954 cases of HIV infection found that (7.3%) had association with cryptococcal infection (PANG et al, 2018). In Brazil, a study showed that most isolates of C. neoformans (87.5%) were obtained from patients with HIV (NUNES et al, 2018).…”

Social, environmental and microbiologic aspects of endemic mycoses in Brazil

“…In Brazil, mortality rate ranged from 32% to 60% in HIV-infected population. Meningeal cryptococcosis mostly caused by C. neoformans occurs predominantly in these patients despite highly active antiretroviral therapy being widely distributed in Brazil [58], [59], [60].…”

“…and Epidermophyton floccosum Cosmopolitan diseasePeople with dry skin, school-age children, rural workers and athletes. People with diabetes, HIV/AIDS infection, immunosuppressed and obeseSubcutaneousSporotrichosis [29], [31] Sporothrix spp.Higher incidence occurs in Rio de Janeiro and São PauloChildren or housewives with frequent contact with domestic and stray catsChromoblastomycosis [23], [25], [26], [27] Fonsecaea, Cladophialophora and Rhinocladiella Higher incidence occurs in Maranhão and ParáRural workers, mainly babassu extractorsSystemic (primary pathogens)Paracoccidioidomycosis [37], [38], [39], [41], [42], [44] Paracoccidioides spp.Several endemic areas with higher incidence: São Paulo, Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul, Goiás; and also regions with progressive devastation of tropical forestsWorking-age men and farmers in contact with soilHistoplasmosis [47], [48] Histoplasma capsulatum Higher incidence occurs in regions with caves and/or with progressive devastation of tropical forestsHIV/AIDS patients, rural workers, speleologists, tourists in contact with bat guano and soilCoccidioidomycosis [49], [50], [52], [53] Coccidioides immitis Endemic areas with dry climates, mainly Piauí, Ceará, Bahia and Maranhão; also regions with progressive devastation of tropical forestsRural workers, armadillo hunters and constructors in contact with soilOpportunistic yeasts and mouldsCandidiasis [12], [13], [69], [70], [71] (dermatitis, mucocutaneous, bloodstream) Candida spp.Cosmopolitan diseaseImmunocompromised hosts, HIV/AIDS patients, patients with haematologic cancer and stem-cell transplant recipientsCryptococcosis [57], [58], [59] Cryptococcus spp.Cosmopolitan diseaseImmunocompromised male hosts, HIV/AIDS patients, transplant recipientsAspergillosis and fusariosis [72], [73], [74], [75] Aspergillus spp., Fusarium spp.Cosmopolitan diseaseHospitalized and immunocompromised hosts, patients with HIV/AIDS, haematologic cancer and st...…”