The article presents an overview and summarizes the accumulated international and national experience, highlighting the formation and main stages of the development of the theoretical foundations and practical significance of the use of biomarkers in medico-ecological studies and evaluations in terms of influence of harmful chemical factors on the human organism. It is shown that in order to increase the effectiveness of evidentiary causal relationships of developing negative effects and modifying the mechanism of their development with the adverse effects of environmental factors, the need to expand scientific research in the field of biomarkers, their selection criteria, and justification of reference levels is becoming more urgent. In accordance with the opinion of experts from the Ad Hoc Collaborating Organizations on Biomarkers (UNEP, ILO and WHO), biomarkers of three classes were identified - exposure biomarkers, reflecting exposure, sensitivity, characterizing the degree of organism susceptibility to exposure and markers of negative effects, indicating the development of the body's response to the effects of risk factors. Based on the currently existing international approaches and taking into account national competencies, a characteristic was given and the practical significance of each class of biological markers was shown when solving problems of substantiating cause-effect relationships in the system «environment - human health» and making adequate management decisions.
Purpose: to study the socioeconomic and behavioral risk factors of disabilities among indigenous population of Far North and make proposals for their prevention. Methods: The study tested the level of income, employment, education and alcohol consumption on the basis of the survey and analyzed the data of the official statistics. We used Statistica v.12 and IBM SPSS Statistics v.22 for calculating the chi-square, Wilcoxon signed- rank test criteria, T-test for paired samples and made regression and correlation analysis. Results: We did not discover significant differences in income levels, unemployment and alcohol consumption in the cohort study (2001-2010) of indigenous population in Chukotka Autonomous Region. In addition, the income of the natives is still low, unemployment and alcohol consumption are high. There is a correlation between the socioeconomic and behavioral factors and health indicators. We also propose a mathematical model which allows to suggest that the level of income above the subsistence level in 6-7 times is sufficient to minimize the impact of socioeconomic factors on population health. Conclusion: In order to prevent irreversible process of indigenous population health deterioration and society degradation it is necessary to create the accessible vocational education, increase employment and number of leisure centers. These measures will lead to income growth, increase in life expectancy and infant mortality decrease.
Introduction: Mineral content of tap water vary significantly between settings and may affect blood mineral composition in humans. The evidence from Arctic Russian settings is scarce. Aim: To assess blood mineral composition among residents of areas with low mineralization of water from underground sources distributed by centralized water supply systems in Arctic Russia. Methods: The study was performed in the town of Kirovsk, Murmansk region. Only permanent residents of the town aged 18-23 years participated. Concentrations of Ag, Al, As, B, Ba, Be, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, Si, Sn, Sr, Ti, Tl, V, Zn, Y in tap water and whole blood were determined by atomic emission spectrometry. Results: Tap water in Kirovsk has an increased pH value, with a total mineralization of 65.0 mg/l with the legal limit of 1000 mg/l). Magnesium and calcium concentrations were 1 000-1 500 and 150-300 times below maximum permissible (MPC) concentrations, re spectively. The concentration of aluminum exceeded MPC by 30-50 % while concentrations of other elements were tens to hundreds times below MPC. In blood, calcium concentration was slightly below the average value for healthy individuals while and the magnesium content corresponded to normal values. An increased concentration of boron (2.45 ± 0.11 mg/l) was revealed. Conclusions: Contrary to expectations, residents of the area with low mineral content of tap water did not have a significant decrease in concentrations of calcium and magnesium in whole blood. No signs of increased concentration of heavy metals in blood of the residents were observed. Despite the high concentration of aluminum in water, its concentration in whole blood is within the physiological limits. At the same time, an increased blood concentration of boron was revealed warranting further research.
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