The article presents an overview and summarizes the accumulated international and national experience, highlighting the formation and main stages of the development of the theoretical foundations and practical significance of the use of biomarkers in medico-ecological studies and evaluations in terms of influence of harmful chemical factors on the human organism. It is shown that in order to increase the effectiveness of evidentiary causal relationships of developing negative effects and modifying the mechanism of their development with the adverse effects of environmental factors, the need to expand scientific research in the field of biomarkers, their selection criteria, and justification of reference levels is becoming more urgent. In accordance with the opinion of experts from the Ad Hoc Collaborating Organizations on Biomarkers (UNEP, ILO and WHO), biomarkers of three classes were identified - exposure biomarkers, reflecting exposure, sensitivity, characterizing the degree of organism susceptibility to exposure and markers of negative effects, indicating the development of the body's response to the effects of risk factors. Based on the currently existing international approaches and taking into account national competencies, a characteristic was given and the practical significance of each class of biological markers was shown when solving problems of substantiating cause-effect relationships in the system «environment - human health» and making adequate management decisions.
Exposure to neurotropic chemicals (benzene, toluene, xylene, aluminum, manganese, nickel, etc.) as a result of environmental pollution can exacerbate unmodifiable (burdened heredity) and modifiable (intrauterine infections during pregnancy, childbirth and the first week of a child's life) damage factors of central nervous system. The review considers some aspects of the development of negative effects when exposed to benzene, aluminum, manganese, nickel and copper. The present-day data of international and national studies devoted to the study of this problem in terms of the development of the toxic action of neurotoxicants are presented. The individual links of the development of pathological processes are considered, namely, violation of the generation, conduction and transmission of nerve impulses, neurogenesis as a result of activation of oxidative processes, potentiation of excitotoxicity, synaptic dysfunction and neuro-inflammation. The review provides a detailed description of the development of neurotoxic effects. It is shown that when exposed to benzene, an effect is formed in the form of a violation of the synaptic transmission of the nerve impulse associated with the development of oxidative stress in the nervous tissue. Manganese and aluminum oxides are capable of causing direct cytotoxic damage to neurons, followed by the formation of a neuroinflammatory response and disruption of the process of neurogenesis. The mechanism of development of synaptic dysfunction may be associated with the action of aluminum ions, zinc, iron and copper. The presented generalized materials on the etiopathogenetic effect of neurotropic chemicals allow to expand the scientific understanding of the mechanisms of the toxic effects of exogenous chemical environmental factors on the central nervous system.
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